User:Swinehbd/sandbox

Notes

Snyder, C. S.; Bruulsema, T. W.; Jensen, T. L.; Fixen, P. E. 133 (3): 247–266

Annotated Bibliography

Snyder, C.S., Bruulsema, T.W., Jensen, T.L., Fixen, P.E., (June 3, 2009). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. ScienceDirect, Volume 133 (Issues 3-4).

Retrieved from:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880909001297

We can use this source for background information as well as information regarding GHGs from agriculture.

Shahriar, A., Sadiq, R., & Tesfamariam, S. (2014). Life cycle greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas: a probabilistic approach. Stochastic Environmental Research & Risk Assessment, 28(8), 2185-2204. doi:10.1007/s00477-014-0874-7

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00477-014-0874-7

We can use this source to learn about the GHG footprint predictions and models for solutions.

Schneider, A. G., Townsend-Small, A., & Rosso, D. (2015). Impact of direct greenhouse gas emissions on the carbon footprint of water reclamation processes employing nitrification–denitrification. Science Of The Total Environment, 5051166-1173. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.060

http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=0c333a83-0bbc-4d24-bc92-abe7e8aa534e%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=99827494&db=a9h

We can use this source for the effects of GHGs on water.

Arto, Iñaki & Dietzenbacher, Erik. (2014). Drivers of the Growth in Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Environmental science & technology. 48. . 10.1021/es5005347

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261799803_Drivers_of_the_Growth_in_Global_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions

We can use this source to analyze the growth of GHG emissions.

Overview of Greenhouse Gases. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA

website: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases

We can use this source for information of GHG emissions.

Enzler, S. M. (n.d.). History of the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Retrieved from Lenntech website: https://www.lenntech.com/greenhouse-effect/

Global-warming-history.htm

We can use this source to learn about the history of GHGs.

The Discovery of Global Warming. (2017, January). Retrieved from American

Institute of Physics website: https://history.aip.org/climate/co2.htm

We can use this for the history of GHGs.

Ingraffea, A., Howarth, R. W., & Santoro, R. (2011, April 12). Methane and the

greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations. Retrieved

from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10584-011-0061-5.pdf

We can use this to find where these natural gases are coming from.

Carbon footprint calculator. (2016, July 14). Retrieved from EPA website:

https://www3.epa.gov/carbon-footprint-calculator/

We can use this source as an example of calculating GHG footprint, however it does not account for non-carbon gases.

Smeets, E., Faaij, A., & Hoefnagels, R. (2010). Renewable and sustainable energy

reviews (Vol. 14). doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.02.014

We can use this for the impact of GHGs.

Holden, E., & Høyer, K. G. (2005). The ecological footprints of fuels.

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 10(5),

395-403. doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2005.04.013

We can use this for solutions to GHG emissions.

Sources of greenhouse gases. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA website:

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

We can use this to analyze where GHGs come from.

Climate change 2014. (2015). Retrieved from INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL website:

http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf

We can use this source to show the impacts of GHGs. Use page 56.

Clarkson, J. (2011). Chapter 8 greenhouse gas emissions. In The impact of global

warming on texas (pp. 196-220). Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/

10.7560/723306.12?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

We can use this for the history of GHGs and their impact on the environment.

Howarth, R. W. (2014). A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse

gas footprint of natural gas: Energy science & engineering (Vol. 2).

https://doi.org/10.1002/es

We can use this to show where GHGs are coming from and the effects of them.

Climate change indicators: greenhouse gases. (n.d.). Retrieved from EPA website:

https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases

We can use this to show the impacts of GHGs.

Global warming. (n.d.). Retrieved from NASA: Earth observatory website:

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php

We can use this source for the impact of GHGs.

Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban

land transport: Vol. 5-11. The lancet (Vol. 374). (2009). doi.org/10.1016/

S0140-6736(09)61714-1

We can use this to discuss the solutions and impacts of reducing GHGs.

Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food

and agriculture: Vol. 12-18. The lancet (Vol. 374). (2009). doi.org/10.1016/

S0140-6736(09)61753-0

We can use this to discuss the solutions and impacts of reducing GHGs.

Eliasson, B., Kaarstad, O., & Herzog, H. (2000). Capturing greenhouse gases.

Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/

courselinks/spring08/atmo336s1/courses/spring08/atmo336s2/articles/

Capturing_GGases_SciAm_Feb2000.pdf

We can use this to discuss solutions to GHG emissions.

Wikipedia Instructions

These instructions will help develop an understanding of writing for Wikipedia. It begins with basic information that is necessary to write any Wikipedia article, followed by information that is necessary to write an article about chemical elements. Characteristics of these instructions include guidance that Wikipedia has provided about itself, learning how to wikilink, as well as information regarding length, media, and structure of a chemical element article.

Basic Knowledge on Writing for Wikipedia

In order to begin writing for Wikipedia, it is necessary to understand how to write for Wikipedia. The following bullet points in this section will introduce writing for Wikipedia:

Understand the Five Pillars of Wikipedia as well as what qualifies a source to be verifiable and reliable.
Write from a neutral point of view, meaning there is no bias and both sides of a controversy must both be represented according to their weight.
Know the length guidelines. Length is an important characteristic of Wikipedia that makes it unique. The articles of Wikipedia are concise and straightforward, using a summarizing writing style.
Become familiar with how to link to internal and external sources, as Wikipedia is an interconnected encyclopedia.
Use media to enhance the reader's understanding.
Write to be featured. For an article to be "featured," it must follow the guidelines given by Wikipedia. A very select few of articles obtain this acknowledgment, but it is worth understanding the quality of work that Wikipedia expects.

Writing About Chemical Elements

The articles Oxygen, Fluorine, and Carbon were used to analyze how to write a Wikipedia article on chemical elements.

Research

Research a chemical element using published sources. Very thorough research is required. The article on Oxygen uses 120 sources and the article on Fluorine has over 250 sources. Both of these articles are featured on Wikipedia, thus it is a good guideline for the extensive research required for articles written on elements. Many of the sources are academic journals or books. Some examples are Modern Fluoroorganic Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactivity, Applications, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, and The Nature of the Chemical Bond.

Lead Section

Begin the article with a well-written lead section. Because most people do not read entire Wikipedia articles, the lead section of element articles must provide a basic understanding of the topic and provide the answers that most people are looking for. This section also must not have any independent information. All the information within the lead section must also be somewhere else within the article. The lead sections of well-written articles, such as Oxygen, Fluorine, and Carbon, have approximately 300-400 word lead sections. This is approximately two to four paragraphs.

Media

Create an infobox. An infobox will be quite helpful for those who do not plan on reading the entire article. This should provide very basic facts and images regarding the element. Many of these facts include pronunciation, allotropes, location on the periodic table, atomic mass, and physical properties. For example, Fluorine is pronounced FLOOR-een, occurs as alpha and beta, is in group 17 and period 2, its atomic mass is 18.99, and is naturally a gas. All of this information is found within the infobox of the Fluorine article. Images are found throughout all chemical element articles. The images often show the element itself, people who have made discoveries about the element, structure of the element, allotropes, and pieces of technology that the element is used in. All of these images enhance the reader's understanding of the element.

Length

Write the article between 6,000 and 7,500. This means the article is fairly extensive so it is necessary to use research. The articles Oxygen and Fluorine as well as the article Carbon have this word count. This is roughly 45 words per source.

Write the body of the article using the research conducted, maintaining a summarizing writing style. Using several main headings with sub-headings will keep the information organized. The articles Carbon, Oxygen, and Fluorine contain information on characteristics, compounds, production, applications, and history. The article should look professional with some uses of media to keep the attention of the reader and further the reader's understanding of the element.

Sources and References Sections

Create well designed sources and references sections. If the sources and references sections are well developed, the article will be more reputable. This will allow the reader to find additional sources as well as prove the credibility of the Wikipedia article. Element articles use APA citation format, so this is definitely recommended. Here is an example from the Oxygen article: Morris, Richard (2003). The last sorcerers: The path from alchemy to the periodic table. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-08905-0.

I formatted my instructions differently to better replicate a Wikipedia article. I also added a lead section to the beginning of my instructions as well as reformatted the order of which my instructions were given to better represent the order in which someone finds it within an article.

Practice Writing Lead Sections

2017 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball: Duke vs. South Carolina

Current Lead: During the 2017 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, Duke and South Carolina met on March 19th 2017 in the Bon Secours Wellness Arena for the round of 32. South Carolina defeated Duke in the match by a score of 88-81 to advance to the round of 16.

New Lead: Duke University and University of South Carolina (USC) opposed one another in the 2017 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. The teams played on March 19th, 2017 in the Bon Secours Wellness Arena. The University of South Carolina Gamecocks (ranked 7th in the East) caused an upset over the Duke University Blue Devils (ranked 2nd in the East) in the round of 32, winning 88-81. The results of this game were attributed to Duke's underperforming players, while USC's remained consistent. This victory placed the Gamecocks into the round of 16. However, due to the single elimination nature of the tournament, Duke's run at the championship ended here. The Gamecocks continued onward to the semi-finals of the tournament.