King Leir is an anonymous Elizabethan play, published in 1605 but believed to have been written c. 1590,[1] and the sole known performance of the play was on April 6 and April 8, 1594, at the Rose Theater by the Queen's Men.[citation needed] The play has attracted critical attention principally for its relationship with King Lear, Shakespeare's version of the same story.[2]
Performance edit
The records of theatre impressario Philip Henslowe shows that King Leir was performed on April 6 and 8, 1594 at the Rose Theatre, by a cast that combined personnel from two acting companies, Queen Elizabeth's Men and Sussex's Men. Other records claim that the play was often acted, though these two are the only specific performances known.
Publication edit
The moste famous Chronicle historye of Leire king of England and his Three Daughters was entered into the Stationers' Register on May 14, 1594, by stationer Adam Islip; but Islip's name is crossed out of the record and the name of fellow stationer Edward White is substituted. Perhaps this conflict between stationers prevented the play's publication in 1594; certainly it did not appear in print until the next decade. It was registered again on May 8, 1605 (as the Tragecall historie of kinge Leir and his Three Daughters &c), by stationer Simon Stafford. The first edition appeared later that year, printed by Stafford for the bookseller John Wright, with the title The true Chronical History of King Leir and his three daughters, Gonorill, Ragan and Cordella. The title page states that the drama "hath been diverse and sundry times lately acted." The 1605 quarto was the sole edition of the play during the seventeenth century.[3]
Authorship edit
There is no consensus of scholarly opinion on the authorship of King Leir. The play has been variously attributed to Edward de Vere,[4] Thomas Kyd, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Anthony Munday, and Shakespeare himself.[5]
Oxfordian viewpoint edit
Proponents of the Oxfordian theory that the works of Shakespeare were written by Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford note that around the time of the play's estimated writing, Edward de Vere, a recent widower, had, on December 2, 1591, inadvertantly signed away his entire estate in trust to his three daughters, subsequently becoming a landless earl beholden to his daughters. King Leir parallels this with the King and his three daughters. Considering this, Oxfordians believe that de Vere wrote the play, possibly in collaboration with his secretaries Anthony Munday and John Lyly, and that this play was an early draft of King Lear.[citation needed]
Sources edit
The author apparently drew primarily on Holinshed's Chronicles for the story of Leir and his daughters. Other sources and influences apparently included Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, The Mirror for Magistrates, William Warner's Albion's England, and Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queen.[6]
In turn, critics widely agree that King Leir served as a primary source for Shakespeare's King Lear.[7][8]
Genre edit
King Leir has been called a "chronicle history," a "tragical history," a "tragicomedy," and even "a tragedy with a happy ending." (Leir is alive and restored to his kingship at the end of his play.) Leir does not contain the subplot about Gloucester, Edgar, and Edmund that Shakespeare added to the story.
The Annesley case edit
Some commentators have argued that King Leir was printed in 1605 to take advantage of the attention drawn by Shakespeare's similar play — which would mean that Shakespeare's Lear was being acted in 1605.[9] Yet "a remarkable historical parallel" provided "a topical reason"[10] for the publication of Leir, and perhaps also for Shakespeare's interest in the story c. 1605.
Brian Annesley was an elderly former follower of Queen Elizabeth, a wealthy Kentishman with three daughters: Grace (married to Sir John Wildgose), Christian (the wife of William Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys), and the youngest, the unmarried Cordell. In 1603, Grace tried to have her father declared senile and incompetent to manage his estate. Cordell wrote to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury to protest her older sister's action, and otherwise supported her father against his eldest daughter. Brian Annesley died in July 1604; Cordell Annesley successfully defended her father's last will and testament, which left most of the family property to Cordell.
One of the executors of the will was a Sir William Harvey (not the famous medical researcher of the same name); he was a veteran of the 1588 campaign against the Spanish Armada and the third husband of the Dowager Countess of Southampton, the mother of Shakespeare's patron Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton. (Harvey is also one of the many proposed candidates for the "W. H." of Shakespeare's sonnets.) Once the Dowager Countess died in 1607, Harvey married Cordell Annesley.[11]
So, a true-life scandal with noteworthy parallels to the Leir/Lear story was in the news in 1603 and 1604, and may have helped to inspire both Shakespeare's play and the publication of the old play King Leir.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Terence P. Logan and Denzell S. Smith, eds., The Predecessors of Shakespeare: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1973; p. 219.
- ^ Logan and Smith, pp. 222-4.
- ^ E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923; Vol. 4, p. 25.
- ^ Mark Anderson. "Shakespeare" by Another Name: The Life of Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, The Man Who Was Shakespeare. Gotham, 2006 (expanded paperback edition); pp. 208, 247-249, 355, 394, 520-521, 557.
- ^ Logan and Smith, pp. 219-20.
- ^ Logan and Smith, pp. 220-1.
- ^ Geoffrey Bullough, ed., Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, 8 Volumes, New York, Columbia University Press, 1957–75; Vol. 7, pp. 269-71, 276-84, 287-92.
- ^ Logan and Smith, pp. 222-3.
- ^ Logan and Smith, p. 223.
- ^ Bullough, Vol. 7, p. 270.
- ^ Bullough, Vol. 7, pp. 270-1.
External links edit