Orbital characteristics (Epoch J2000) | |||||||||
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Characteristic | Mercury | Venus | Earth, Terra, Tellis | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto |
Semimajor axis (km) | 57,909,176 km | 108,208,926 km | 149,597,887 km | 227,936,637 km | 778,412,027 km | 1,426,725,413 km | 2,870,972,220 km | 4,498,252,900 km | 5,906,376,272 km |
Semimajor axis (AU) | 0.387 098 93 AU | 0.723 331 99 AU | 1.00000011 AU | 1.523 662 31 AU | 5.203 363 01 AU | 9.537 070 32 AU | 19.191 263 93 AU | 30.068 963 48 AU | 39.481 686 77 AU |
Orbital circumference (Tm | 0.360 Tm | 0.680 Tm | 0.940 Tm | 1.429 Tm | 4.888 Tm | 8.958 Tm | 18.029 Tm | 28.263 Tm | 36.530 Tm |
Orbital circumference (AU) | 2.406 AU | 4.545 AU | 6.283 AU | 9.553 AU | 32.675 AU | 59.879 AU | 120.515 AU | 188.925 AU | 244.186 AU |
Eccentricity | 0.205 630 69 | 0.006 773 23 | 0.01671022 | 0.093 412 33 | 0.048 392 66 | 0.054 150 60 | 0.047 167 71 | 0.008 585 87 | 0.248 807 66 |
Perihelion (km) | 46,001,272 km | 107,476,002 km | 147,098,074 km | 206,644,545 km | 740,742,598 km | 1,349,467,375 km | 2,735,555,035 km | 4,459,631,496 km | 4,436,824,613 km |
Perihelion (AU) | 0.307 499 51 AU | 0.718 432 70 AU | 0.9832899 AU | 1.381 333 46 AU | 4.951 558 43 AU | 9.020 632 24 AU | 18.286 055 96 AU | 29.810 795 27 AU | 29.658 340 67 AU |
Apehelion (km) | 69,817,079 km | 108,941,849 km | 152,097,701 km | 249,228,730 km | 816,081,455 km | 1,503,983,449 km | 3,006,389,405 km | 4,536,874,325 km | 7,375,927,931 km |
Apehelion (AU) | 0.466 698 35 AU | 0.728 231 28 AU | 1.0167103 AU | 1.665 991 16 AU | 5.455 167 59 AU | 10.053 508 40 AU | 20.096 471 90 AU | 30.327 131 69 AU | 49.305 032 87 AU |
Orbital period (days) | 87.969 36 d | 224.701 51 d | 365.258 06 d | 686.9603 d | 4339.4930 d | 10,760.8112 d | 30,709.5006 d | 60,228.0052 d | 90,613.3064 d |
Orbital period (Julian years) | 0.240 847 0 a | 0.615 199 2 a | 1.0000221 a | 1.8808 a | 11.88 a | 29.46 a | 84.08 a | 164.90 a | 248.09 a |
Synodic period | 115.8775 d | 583.92 d | n/a | 779.96 d | 398.83 d | 378.09 d | 369.65 d | 367.49 d | 366.74 d |
Avg. Orbital Speed (km/s) | 47.36 km/s | 35.020 km/s | 29.783 km/s | 24.077 km/s | 13.037 km/s | 9.635 km/s | 6.795 km/s | 5.431 km/s | 4.666 km/s |
Max. Orbital Speed (km/s) | 58.98 km/s | 35.259 km/s | 30.287 km/s | 26.499 km/s | 13.692 km/s | 10.179 km/s | 7.127 km/s | 5.478 km/s | 6.112 km/s |
Min. Orbital Speed (km/s) | 38.86 km/s | 34.784 km/s | 29.291 km/s | 21.972 km/s | 12.428 km/s | 9.133 km/s | 6.485 km/s | 5.385 km/s | 3.676 km/s |
Inclination | 7.004 87° | 3.394 71° | 0.000 05° | 1.850 61° | 1.305 30° | 2.484 46° | 0.769 86° | 1.769 17° | 17.141 75° |
Inclination to Sun's equator | 3.38° | 3.86° | 7.25° | 5.65° | 6.09° | 5.51° | 6.48° | 6.43° | 11.88° |
Longitude of the ascending node |
48.331 67° | 76.680 69° | 348.73936° | 49.578 54° | 100.556 15° | 113.715 04° | 74.229 88° | 131.721 69° | 110.303 47° |
Argument of the perihelion |
29.124 78° | 54.852 29° | 114.20783° | 286.462 30° | 274.197 70° | 338.716 90° | 96.734 36° | 273.249 66° | 113.763 29° |
Number of satellites | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 63 | 49-55 | 27 | 13 | 1 |
Physical characteristics | |||||||||
Equatorial diameter | 4879.4 km | 12,103.7 km | 12,756.270 km | 6,804.9 km | 142,984 km | 120,536 km | 51,118 km | 49,528 km | 2,390 km |
Equatorial diameter (Earths) | 0.383 Earths | 0.949 Earths | 1 Earth | 0.533 Earths | 11.209 Earths | 9.449 Earths | 4.007 Earths | 3.883 Earths | 0.188 Earths |
Surface area (km²) | 7.5 × 107 km² | 4.60×108 km² | 510,065,284.702 km² | 1.448×108 km2 | 6.14×1010 km2 | 4.27×1010 km2 | 8.084×109 km2 | 7.619×109 km2 | 1.795×107 km2 |
Surface area (Earths) | 0.147 Earths | 0.902 Earths | 1 Earth | 0.284 Earths | 120.5 Earths | 83.703 Earths | 15.849 Earths | -- | 0.033 Earths |
Volume (km³) | 6.1 × 1010 km³ | 9.28 × 1011 km³ | 1.0832 × 1012 km³ | 1.638×1011 km3 | 1.338×1015 km3 | 7.46×1014 km3 | 6.834×1013 km3 | 6.254×1013 km3 | 7.15×109 km3 |
Volume (Earths) | 0.056 Earths | 0.857 Earths | 1 Earth | 0.151 Earths | 1235.6 Earths | 688.79 Earths | 63.086 Earths | 57.74 Earths | 0.0066 Earths |
Mass (kg) | 3.302 × 1023 kg | 4.8685 × 1024 kg | 5.9736 × 1024 kg | 6.4185×1023 kg | 1.899×1027 kg | 5.6846×1026 kg | 8.6832×1025 kg | 1.0243×1026 kg | 1.25×1022 kg |
Mass (Earths) | 0.055 Earths | 0.815 Earths | 1 Earth | 0.107 Earths | 317.8 Earths | 95.162 Earths | 14.536 Earths | 17.147 Earths | 0.0021 Earths |
Mean density | 5.427 g/cm³ | 5.204 g/cm³ | 5.515 g/cm³ | 3.934 g/cm³ | 1.326 g/cm³ | 0.6873 g/cm³ | 1.318 g/cm³ | 1.638 g/cm³ | 1.750 g/cm³ |
Equatorial gravity (m/s²) | 3.701 m/s² | 8.87 m/s² | 9.780 m/s² | 3.69 m/s² | 23.12 m/s² | 8.96 m/s² | 8.69 m/s² | 11.15 m/s² | 0.58 m/s2 |
Equatorial gravity (gee) | 0.377 gee | 0.904 gee | 0.99732 g | 0.376g | 2.358 g | 0.914 g | 0.886 g | 1.14 g | 0.059 g |
Escape velocity | 4.435 km/s | 10.36 km/s | 11.186 km/s | 5.027 km/s | 59.54 km/s | 35.49 km/s | 21.29 km/s | 23.5 km/s | 1.2 km/s |
Rotation period (days | 58.6462 d (58 d 15.5088 h) | -243.0185 d | 0.997258 d (23.934 h) | 1.025 957 d (24.622 962 h) | 0.413 538 021 d (9 h 55 min 29.685 s) | 0.444 009 259 2 d (10 h 39 min 22.400 00 s) | −0.718 333 333 d (17 h 14 min 24.000 00 s) | 16.11 h (16 h 6 min 36 s) | 6.387 d (6 d 9 h 17.6 min) |
Rotation velocity (at the equator) | 10.892 km/h | 6.52 km/h | 465.11 m/s | 868.22 km/h | 12.6 km/s = 45,300 km/h | 9.87 km/s = 35,500 km/h | 2.59 km/s = 9320 km/h | 2.68 km/s = 9660 km/h | 47.18 km/h |
Axial tilt | ~0.01° | 2.64° | 23.439281° | 25.19° | 3.13° | 97.77° | -- | 28.32° | 122.54° |
Right ascension of North pole 1 |
281.01° (18 h 44 min 2 s) | 272.76° (18 h 11 min 2 s) | 0° (0 h 0 min 0 s) | 317.681 43° (21 h 10 min 44 s) | 268.057deg; (17 h 52 min 12 s) | 40.59° (2 h 42 min 21 s) | 77.31° (5 h 9 min 15 s) | 299.33° (19 h 57 min 20 s) | 133.02° (8 h 52 min 5 s) |
Declination | 61.45° | 67.16° | 90° | 52.886° | 64.49° | 83.54° | 15.175° | 42.95° | -9.09° |
Albedo | 0.10-0.12 | 0.65 | 0.367 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.30 |
Adjective | Mercurian | Venusian or (rarely) Cytherean | Terrestrial | Martian | Jovian | Saturnian | Uranian | Neptunian | Plutonian |
Min. Surface temp. (K) | 90 K | 228 K | 185 K | 133 K | 110 K | 82 K | 59 K | 50 K | 33 K |
Mean Surface temp. (K) | 440 K | 737 K | 287 K | 210 K | 152 K | 143 K | 68 K | 53 K | 44 K |
Max. Surface temp. (K) | 700 K | 773 K | 331 K | 293 K | N/A K | N/A K | N/A K | N/A K | 55 K |
Atmospheric pressure | trace | 9.3 MPa | 100 kPa | 0.7-0.9 kPa | 70 kPa | 140 kPa | 120 kPa (at the cloud level) | ≫100 MPa | 0.15-0.30 pascals |
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Mercury -
Venus -
Earth -
Mars -
Jupiter -
Saturn -
Uranus -
Neptune