User:Runningonbrains/Fujita scale

"F-scale" redirects here. For other uses, see F scale.

Fujita scale

Scale	Speed	Damage
F0	< 73 mph	Light
F1	73–112 mph	Moderate
F2	113–157 mph	Considerable
F3	158–206 mph	Severe
F4	207–260 mph	Devastating
F5	261–318 mph	Incredible

The Fujita scale (F-Scale), or Fujita-Pearson scale, is an obselete scale for rating tornado intensity. Previously used in most areas outside of Great Britain, it is a scale based on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category was determined by meteorologists (and engineers) after examining damage, ground-swirl patterns, radar tracking, eyewitness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as photogrammetry/videogrammetry if video was available.

The scale was introduced in 1971 by Tetsuya "Ted" Fujita of the University of Chicago who developed the scale together with Allen Pearson (path length and width additions in 1973), head of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center (predecessor to the Storm Prediction Center) in Kansas City, Missouri. The scale was applied retroactively to tornado reports from 1950 onward in the United States, and was used operationally until February 1, 2007, when the more accurate Enhanced Fujita Scale was implemented by the National Weather Service.

Derivation

The gap between F0 and F1 corresponds to the eleventh and twelfth levels of the Beaufort scale, "violent storm" and "hurricane" respectively. Theoretically, the wind speeds for F11 and F12 correspond to Mach numbers 0.9 and 1.0 respectively. This provides a smooth relationship between the three scales. From these wind speed numbers, qualitative descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, and then these descriptions are used to classify tornadoes.

At the time Fujita derived the scale, little data was available on damage caused by wind, so the original scale presented little more than educated guesses at wind speed ranges for specific tiers of damage. The original numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual wind speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to an increasing degree as the category increases, especially in the range of F3 through F5. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration notes that …precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified. Different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of tornado damage in any event, the actual wind speeds needed to cause that damage are unknown. Since then, the Enhanced Fujita Scale has been created using better wind estimates by engineers and meteorologists.

The diagram on the right illustrates the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales.

Parameters

The six categories are listed here, in order of increasing intensity. When the relative frequency of tornadoes is mentioned, it is the relative frequency in the United States. Frequencies of strong tornadoes (F2 or greater) are significantly less elsewhere in the world. Canada, Bangladesh and adjacent areas of eastern India also have frequent severe tornadoes, however statistics in these countries have not been studied thoroughly.

Category F0	Wind speed	Less than 73 mph	Less than 116 km/h	Relative frequency	38.9%
	Potential damage	F0 damage example Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; branches broken off trees; shallow-rooted trees pushed over; sign boards damaged.
Category F1	Wind speed	73–112 mph	116–180 km/h	Relative frequency	35.6%
	Potential damage	F1 damage example Moderate damage. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed.
Category F2	Wind speed	113–157 mph	181–250 km/h	Relative frequency	19.4%
	Potential damage	F2 damage example Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars overturned; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles generated.
Category F3	Wind speed	158–206 mph	251–330 km/h	Relative frequency	4.9%
	Potential damage	F3 damage example Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown.
Category F4	Wind speed	207–260 mph	331–415 km/h	Relative frequency	1.1%
	Potential damage	F4 damage example Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown away some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated.
Category F5	Wind speed	261–318 mph	416–510 km/h	Relative frequency	Less than 0.1%
	Potential damage	F5 damage example Incredible damage. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 m (100 yd); trees debarked; steel reinforced concrete structures badly damaged; incredible phenomena will occur.

The rating of any given tornado is of the most severe damage to any well-built frame home or comparable level of damage from engineering analysis of other damage. The F6 level, while present in Dr. Ted Fujita's original wind scale, is not an official damage level and is not used to rate tornadoes. There is, by definition, no such thing as an 'F6' tornado.

Decommission

Main article: Enhanced Fujita Scale

Though the Fujita scale was a scientific improvement over estimates of tornado strength from earlier in the century, the wind speeds contained in the scale were, at best, educated guesses. Research, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, showed that tornado wind speeds were actually much lower than the F-scale indicated. Also, while the scale gave general descriptions for the type of damage each tornado could cause, it gave no leeway for strength of construction and other factors that might cause a building to recieve higher damage at lower wind speeds.

On February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was abandoned in favor of the more accurate Enhanced Fujita Scale. The EF Scale improved on the F-scale on many counts—it accounts for different degrees of damage that occur with different types of structures, both man-made and natural. It also provides much better estimates for wind speeds, and sets no upper limit on the wind speeds for the strongest level, EF5.

See also

• TORRO scale
• Beaufort scale
• Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• List of F5 tornadoes
• Severe weather terminology

External links

• NOAA National Weather Service Improves Tornado Rating System (NOAA News)
• Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage (NOAA / SPC)
• The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) {NOAA / SPC)
• Fujita Scale Enhancement Project (Wind Science Engineering & Research Center at Texas Tech University)
• Mitigation Assessment Team Report: Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999 (FEMA)
• A Guide to F-Scale Damage Assessment (NWS)
• A Guide for Conducting Convective Windstorm Surveys (NWS SR146)
• The Tornado: An Engineering-Oriented Perspective (NWS SR147)
• Map showing severe tornadoes in Germany
• The Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity