Historic Storms
editThe most intense extratropical cyclone on record was a cyclone in the Southern Ocean in October 2022. An analysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts estimated a pressure of 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) and a subsequent analysis published in Geophysical Research Letters estimated a pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg).[1][2] The same Geophysical Research Letters article notes at least five other extratropical cyclones in the Southern Ocean with a pressure under 915 mbar (27.0 inHg).[2]
In the North Atlantic Ocean, the most intense extratropical cyclone was the Braer Storm, which reached a pressure of 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) in early January 1993.[3] Before the Braer Storm, an extratropical cyclone near Greenland in December 1986 reached a minimum pressure of at least 916 mbar (27.0 inHg). The West German Meteorological Service marked a pressure of 915 mbar (27.0 inHg), with the possibility of a pressure between 912–913 mbar (26.9–27.0 inHg), lower than the Braer Storm.[4]
The most intense extratropical cyclone across the North Pacific Ocean occurred in November 2014, when a cyclone partially related to Typhoon Nuri reached a record low pressure of 920 mbar (27 inHg).[5][6] In October 2021, the most intense Pacific Northwest windstorm occurred off the coast of Oregon, peaking with a pressure of 942 mbar (27.8 inHg).[7] One of the strongest nor'easters occurred in January 2018, in which a cyclone reached a pressure of 950 mbar (28 inHg).[8]
Extratropical cyclones have been responsible for some of the most damaging floods in European history. The Great storm of 1703 killed over 8,000 people and the North Sea flood of 1953 killed over 2,500 and destroyed 3,000 houses.[9][10] In 2002, floods in Europe caused by two genoa lows caused $27.115 billion in damages and 232 fatalities, the most damaging flood in European since at least 1985.[11][12] In late December 1999, Cyclones Lothar and Martin caused 140 deaths combined and over $23 billion in damages in Central Europe, the costliest European windstorms in history.[13][14]
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the Northeastern United States. Over 100 people were killed and $65 billion in damages, the second costliest tropical cyclone at the time.[15][16] Other extratropical cyclones have been related to major tornado outbreaks. The tornado outbreaks of April 1965, April 1974 and April 2011 were all large, violent, and deadly tornado outbreaks related to extratropical cyclones.[17][18][19][20] Similarly, winter storms in March 1888, November 1950 and March 1993 were responsible for over 300 deaths each.[21][22][23]
In December 1960 a nor'easter caused at least 286 deaths in the Northeastern United States, one of the deadliest nor'easters on record.[24] 62 years later in 2022, a winter storm caused over $8.5 billion in damages and nearly 90 deaths across the United States and Canada.[25]
In September 1954, the extratropical remnants of Typhoon Marie caused the Tōya Maru to run aground and capsize in the Tsugaru Strait. 1,159 out of the 1,309 on board were killed, making it one of the deadliest typhoons in Japanese history.[26][27] In July 2016, a cyclone in Northern China left 184 dead, 130 missing, and caused over $4.96 billion in damages.[28][29]
To Do
editKey
Done
Needs work
Not Done
For Intensity
editSouthern Ocean cyclone
edit- October 2022 Southern Ocean cyclone – Most intense EX on record
- Other extremely strong Southern Ocean EXs
- Other extremely strong Southern Ocean EXs
European windstorm
edit- Braer Storm – Most intense in the Northern Hemisphere
- December 1986 Greenland cyclone – Most intense in the Northern Hemisphere before the Braer Storm
North America cyclone
edit- November 2014 Bering Sea cyclone – Most intense in the North Pacific
- October 2021 Northeast Pacific bomb cyclone – Strongest Pacific Northwest windstorm
- January 2018 North American blizzard – One of the strongest Nor'easters
For Impacts
editEuropean windstorm
edit- Great storm of 1703 – 8,000+ deaths in Western Europe
- North Sea flood of 1953 – 2,500 deaths in the Netherlands
- Storms Hanne and Ilse – 232 deaths and €27.7 billion in damages in Eastern Europe
- Cyclone Lothar and Cyclone Martin – Costliest European windstorms
North America cyclone
edit- Hurricane Sandy – Most destructive in American history
- April 2011, April 1974 and April 1965 North America cyclones – Most violent and damaging tornado outbreaks
- Great Blizzard of 1888, Great Appalachian Storm of 1950 and 1993 Storm of the Century – ~400 deaths each
- December 1960 nor'easter – Deadliest nor'easter
- December 2022 North American winter storm – $8.5 billion in damages
Elsewhere
edit- July 2016 North China cyclone – $5 billion in damages
- Typhoon Marie (1954) – Responsible for the sinking of the Tōya Maru, over 1,000 dead
For Meteorology
edit- November 1854 Crimean War cyclone
- October 1984 Vancouver Island cyclone
- ^ Hewson, Tim; Day, Jonathan; Hersbach, Hans (January 2023). "The deepest extratropical cyclone of modern times?". Newsletter. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ a b Lin, Peiyi; Zhong, Rui; Yang, Qinghua; Clem, Kyle R.; Chen, Dake (28 July 2023). "A Record‐Breaking Cyclone Over the Southern Ocean in 2022". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (14). Bibcode:2023GeoRL..5004012L. doi:10.1029/2023GL104012.
- ^ Odell, Luke; Knippertz, Peter; Pickering, Steven; Parkes, Ben; Roberts, Alexander (April 2013). "The Braer storm revisited" (PDF). Weather. 68 (4): 105–111. Bibcode:2013Wthr...68..105O. doi:10.1002/wea.2097. S2CID 120025537. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Burt, S. D. (February 1987). "A New North Atlantic Low Pressure Record" (PDF). Weather. 42 (2): 53–56. Bibcode:1987Wthr...42...53B. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1987.tb06919.x. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2014-11-08T06:00:00Z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 8 November 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Wiltgen, Nick; Erdman, Jonatha (9 November 2014). "Bering Sea Superstorm Among the Strongest Extratropical Cyclones on Record". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Zaffino, Matt (27 October 2021). "Bomb cyclone: What it is, where the term came from and why it's not a hurricane". KGW. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Kong (4 January 2018). "STORM SUMMARY NUMBER 5 FOR EASTERN U.S. WINTER STORM". Wea. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Freak storm dissipates over England". HISTORY. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "The flood of 1953 - Rescue and consequences". Deltawerken. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "System Explanation of Floods in Central Europe". Natural Disaster Networking Platform. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W.; Pińskwar, Iwona; Brakenridge, G. Robert (January 2013). "Large floods in Europe, 1985–2009" (PDF). Hydrological Sciences Journal. Hydrological Sciences Journal. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1080/02626667.2012.745082. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Tatge, Yörn (9 December 2009). "Looking Back, Looking Forward: Anatol, Lothar and Martin Ten Years Later". Verisk. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Christmas 20 years ago: Storms Lothar and Martin wreak havoc across Europe". Swiss Re. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Blake, Eric S; Kimberlain, Todd B; Berg, Robert J; Cangialosi, John P; Beven II, John L (12 February 2013). Hurricane Sandy: October 22 – 29, 2012 (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Mike Soltow (25 April 2011). "Storm Summary Number 11 For Central U.S. Heavy Rain Event". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ Corfidi, Stephen F.; Levit, Jason J.; Weiss, Steven J. "The Super Outbreak: Outbreak of the Century" (PDF). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "April 11th 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "On Mar 12 in weather history..." National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "NOAA's Top U.S. Weather, Water and Climate Events of the 20th Century". National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 15 August 2000. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "Superstorm of 1993 "Storm of the Century"". National Weather Service. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "East Thaws Out From Freeze; 286 Left Dead". Newspapers.com. Pasadena Independent. 15 December 1960. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "洞爺丸台風 昭和29年（1954年） ９月24日～９月27日". www.data.jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ 第２版,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ), 百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉プラス,世界大百科事典. "洞爺丸台風(とうやまるたいふう)とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 23 January 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "华北东北黄淮强降雨致289人死亡失踪" (in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. 23 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "西南部分地区洪涝灾害致80余万人受灾" (in Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. 25 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2024.