INFO: Beginning work on ARRB2... {November 6, 2007 11:46:52 PM PST}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 6, 2007 11:47:28 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Arrestin, beta 2
| HGNCid = 712
| Symbol = ARRB2
| AltSymbols =; ARB2; ARR2; DKFZp686L0365
| OMIM = 107941
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 3183
| MGIid = 99474
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_ARRB2_203388_at_tn.png
| Function =
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007165 |text = signal transduction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007600 |text = sensory perception}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0050896 |text = response to stimulus}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 409
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000141480
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_004304
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_004313
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 17
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 4560533
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 4571544
| Hs_Uniprot = P32121
| Mm_EntrezGene = 216869
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000060216
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = XM_993633
| Mm_RefseqProtein = XP_998727
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 11
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 70248840
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 70257023
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3UCU5
}}
}}
'''Arrestin, beta 2''', also known as '''ARRB2''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. Arrestin beta 2, like arrestin beta 1, was shown to inhibit beta-adrenergic receptor function in vitro. It is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of synaptic receptors. Besides the brain, a cDNA for arrestin beta 2 was isolated from thyroid gland, and thus it may also be involved in hormone-specific desensitization of TSH receptors. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ARRB2 arrestin, beta 2| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=409| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Lefkowitz RJ |title=G protein-coupled receptors. III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 30 |pages= 18677-80 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9668034 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 6, 2007 11:48:33 PM PST}
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{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_BID_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 2bid.
| PDB = {{PDB2|2bid}}
| Name = BH3 interacting domain death agonist
| HGNCid = 1050
| Symbol = BID
| AltSymbols =; MGC15319; MGC42355
| OMIM = 601997
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 923
| MGIid = 108093
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_BID_204493_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_BID_211725_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005123 |text = death receptor binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005624 |text = membrane fraction}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005737 |text = cytoplasm}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005739 |text = mitochondrion}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005829 |text = cytosol}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0001836 |text = release of cytochrome c from mitochondria}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008625 |text = induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043065 |text = positive regulation of apoptosis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 637
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000015475
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_001187
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_001196
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 22
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 16596908
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 16637431
| Hs_Uniprot = P55957
| Mm_EntrezGene = 12122
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000004446
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_007544
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_031570
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 6
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 120858471
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 120882453
| Mm_Uniprot = P70444
}}
}}
'''BH3 interacting domain death agonist''', also known as '''BID''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a death agonist that heterodimerizes with either agonist BAX or antagonist BCL2. The encoded protein is a member of the BCL-2 family of cell death regulators. It is a mediator of mitochondrial damage induced by caspase-8 (CASP8); CASP8 cleaves this encoded protein, and the COOH-terminal part translocates to mitochondria where it triggers cytochrome c release. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: BID BH3 interacting domain death agonist| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=637| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Soane L, Fiskum G |title=Inhibition of mitochondrial neural cell death pathways by protein transduction of Bcl-2 family proteins. |journal=J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. |volume=37 |issue= 3 |pages= 179-90 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16167175 |doi= 10.1007/s10863-005-6590-8 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 6, 2007 11:51:00 PM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
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| update_protein_box = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image = PBB_Protein_CD86_image.jpg
| image_source = [[Protein_Data_Bank|PDB]] rendering based on 1i85.
| PDB = {{PDB2|1i85}}, {{PDB2|1ncn}}
| Name = CD86 molecule
| HGNCid = 1705
| Symbol = CD86
| AltSymbols =; B7-2; B70; CD28LG2; LAB72; MGC34413
| OMIM = 601020
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 10443
| MGIid = 101773
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CD86_205686_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_CD86_205685_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image3 = PBB_GE_CD86_210895_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0015026 |text = coreceptor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016563 |text = transcription activator activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005886 |text = plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0009897 |text = external side of plasma membrane}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016021 |text = integral to membrane}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007267 |text = cell-cell signaling}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0008284 |text = positive regulation of cell proliferation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0042110 |text = T cell activation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043017 |text = positive regulation of lymphotoxin A biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045086 |text = positive regulation of interleukin-2 biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045404 |text = positive regulation of interleukin-4 biosynthetic process}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045630 |text = positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045941 |text = positive regulation of transcription}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 942
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000114013
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_008820
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_006889
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 3
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 123256911
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 123322672
| Hs_Uniprot = P42081
| Mm_EntrezGene = 12524
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000022901
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_019388
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_062261
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 16
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 36523108
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 36585290
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3T9F8
}}
}}
'''CD86 molecule''', also known as '''CD86''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a type I membrane protein that is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. This protein is expressed by antigen-presenting cells, and it is the ligand for two proteins at the cell surface of T cells, CD28 antigen and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. Binding of this protein with CD28 antigen is a costimulatory signal for activation of the T-cell. Binding of this protein with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 negatively regulates T-cell activation and diminishes the immune response. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described, but their full-length sequences have not been determined.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD86 CD86 molecule| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=942| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Bugeon L, Dallman MJ |title=Costimulation of T cells. |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=162 |issue= 4 Pt 2 |pages= S164-8 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11029388 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=Chang TT, Kuchroo VK, Sharpe AH |title=Role of the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in autoimmune disease. |journal=Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. |volume=5 |issue= |pages= 113-30 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11826754 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
INFO: Beginning work on CIITA... {November 7, 2007 12:01:44 AM PST}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 7, 2007 12:02:39 AM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator
| HGNCid = 7067
| Symbol = CIITA
| AltSymbols =; C2TA; CIITA IV; MHC2TA; NLRA
| OMIM = 600005
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 207
| MGIid = 108445
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_CIITA_211884_s_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_CIITA_210925_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003677 |text = DNA binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003702 |text = RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0003713 |text = transcription coactivator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030528 |text = transcription regulator activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043130 |text = ubiquitin binding}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006355 |text = regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006952 |text = defense response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006955 |text = immune response}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045449 |text = regulation of transcription}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 4261
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000179583
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_000237
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_000246
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 16
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 10867648
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 10926340
| Hs_Uniprot = P33076
| Mm_EntrezGene = 12265
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000022504
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_007575
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_031601
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 16
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 10393637
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 10441141
| Mm_Uniprot = Q3UU40
}}
}}
'''Class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator''', also known as '''CIITA''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = This gene encodes a protein with an acidic transcriptional activation domain, 4 LRRs (leucine-rich repeats) and a GTP binding domain. The protein is located in the nucleus and acts as a positive regulator of class II major histocompatibility complex gene transcription, and is referred to as the "master control factor" for the expression of these genes. The protein also binds GTP and uses GTP binding to facilitate its own transport into the nucleus. Once in the nucleus it does not bind DNA but rather uses an intrinsic acetyltransferase (AT) activity to act in a coactivator-like fashion. Mutations in this gene have been associated with bare lymphocyte syndrome type II (also known as hereditary MHC class II deficiency or HLA class II-deficient combined immunodeficiency), increased susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and possibly myocardial infarction.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CIITA class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4261| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Mach B, Steimle V, Martinez-Soria E, Reith W |title=Regulation of MHC class II genes: lessons from a disease. |journal=Annu. Rev. Immunol. |volume=14 |issue= |pages= 301-31 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8717517 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.301 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Boss JM |title=Regulation of transcription of MHC class II genes. |journal=Curr. Opin. Immunol. |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 107-13 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9039770 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal | author=LeibundGut-Landmann S, Waldburger JM, Krawczyk M, ''et al.'' |title=Mini-review: Specificity and expression of CIITA, the master regulator of MHC class II genes. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=34 |issue= 6 |pages= 1513-25 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15162420 |doi= 10.1002/eji.200424964 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Ting JP, Davis BK |title=CATERPILLER: a novel gene family important in immunity, cell death, and diseases. |journal=Annu. Rev. Immunol. |volume=23 |issue= |pages= 387-414 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15771576 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115616 }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
INFO: Beginning work on ID1... {November 7, 2007 12:01:10 AM PST}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 7, 2007 12:01:44 AM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
| HGNCid = 5360
| Symbol = ID1
| AltSymbols =; ID
| OMIM = 600349
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 1631
| MGIid = 96396
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_ID1_208937_s_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016564 |text = transcription repressor activity}}
| Component = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005634 |text = nucleus}}
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000122 |text = negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007275 |text = multicellular organismal development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007507 |text = heart development}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016481 |text = negative regulation of transcription}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0030509 |text = BMP signaling pathway}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0043433 |text = negative regulation of transcription factor activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0045765 |text = regulation of angiogenesis}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 3397
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000125968
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002156
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002165
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 20
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 29656747
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 29657979
| Hs_Uniprot = P41134
| Mm_EntrezGene = 15901
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000042745
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_010495
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_034625
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 2
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 152427715
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 152428851
| Mm_Uniprot = Q6GTZ3
}}
}}
'''Inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein''', also known as '''ID1''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein that can form heterodimers with members of the basic HLH family of transcription factors. The encoded protein has no DNA binding activity and therefore can inhibit the DNA binding and transcriptional activation ability of basic HLH proteins with which it interacts. This protein may play a role in cell growth, senescence, and differentiation. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: ID1 inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3397| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
INFO: Beginning work on MAPK9... {November 7, 2007 12:04:07 AM PST}
AMBIGUITY: Did not locate an acceptable page to update. {November 7, 2007 12:05:13 AM PST}
<!-- The PBB_Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template:PBB_Controls for details. -->
{{PBB_Controls
| update_page = yes
| require_manual_inspection = no
| update_protein_box = yes
| update_summary = yes
| update_citations = yes
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<!-- The GNF_Protein_box is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{GNF_Protein_box
| image =
| image_source =
| PDB =
| Name = Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
| HGNCid = 6886
| Symbol = MAPK9
| AltSymbols =; JNK-55; JNK2; JNK2A; JNK2ALPHA; JNK2B; JNK2BETA; PRKM9; p54aSAPK
| OMIM = 602896
| ECnumber =
| Homologene = 55685
| MGIid = 1346862
| GeneAtlas_image1 = PBB_GE_MAPK9_203218_at_tn.png
| GeneAtlas_image2 = PBB_GE_MAPK9_210570_x_at_tn.png
| Function = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0000166 |text = nucleotide binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004674 |text = protein serine/threonine kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004705 |text = JUN kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0004707 |text = MAP kinase activity}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005515 |text = protein binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0005524 |text = ATP binding}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0016740 |text = transferase activity}}
| Component =
| Process = {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006468 |text = protein amino acid phosphorylation}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0006950 |text = response to stress}} {{GNF_GO|id=GO:0007254 |text = JNK cascade}}
| Orthologs = {{GNF_Ortholog_box
| Hs_EntrezGene = 5601
| Hs_Ensembl = ENSG00000050748
| Hs_RefseqProtein = NP_002743
| Hs_RefseqmRNA = NM_002752
| Hs_GenLoc_db =
| Hs_GenLoc_chr = 5
| Hs_GenLoc_start = 179595388
| Hs_GenLoc_end = 179640218
| Hs_Uniprot = P45984
| Mm_EntrezGene = 26420
| Mm_Ensembl = ENSMUSG00000020366
| Mm_RefseqmRNA = NM_016961
| Mm_RefseqProtein = NP_058657
| Mm_GenLoc_db =
| Mm_GenLoc_chr = 11
| Mm_GenLoc_start = 49690177
| Mm_GenLoc_end = 49729834
| Mm_Uniprot = Q5NCK7
}}
}}
'''Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9''', also known as '''MAPK9''', is a human [[gene]].
<!-- The PBB_Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template:PBB_Controls to Stop updates. -->
{{PBB_Summary
| section_title =
| summary_text = The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to various cell stimuli. It is most closely related to MAPK8, both of which are involved in UV radiation induced apoptosis, thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. This gene and MAPK8 are also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinases. This kinase blocks the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53, and thus it increases the stability of p53 in nonstressed cells. Studies of this gene's mouse counterpart suggest a key role in T-cell differentiation. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: MAPK9 mitogen-activated protein kinase 9| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5601| accessdate = }}</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{PBB_Further_reading
| citations =
*{{cite journal | author=Davis RJ |title=Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. |journal=Cell |volume=103 |issue= 2 |pages= 239-52 |year= 2000 |pmid= 11057897 |doi= }}
}}
{{refend}}
{{protein-stub}}
{November 6, 2007 11:59:02 PM PST} 
