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Ancestral sequence reconstruction
Ranunculus adoneus is a species of flowering plant. It is an alpine buttercup from the family Ranunculaceae. The flower is mostly spread in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and
| Ranunculus adoneus | |
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| Ranunculus adoneus. Photographed by Rolf Lawrenz | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | Ranunculus |
| Species: | R. adoneus
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| Binomial name | |
| Ranunculus adoneus A. Gray 1863
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Wyoming but can also be found in Idaho, northern Utah and eastern Nevada. It is usually found in short grass meadows near the edge of melting snow and is called also snow buttercup.
Discovery
editR. adoneus was first described in 1863 by A. Gray[1][2] in a list of species collected by several colleagues during the summer and autumn of 1862 on and near the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.
Habitat and ecology
editR. adoneus is a native species that is found only in the Rocky Mountains around the limit of snow where it is quite common.[3] It is a long-lived perennial that is found at elevated meadows in alpine environments. The plants emerge at the edge of the melting snow and flower within a few days. The flowering time of R. adoneus is controlled by the time of snowmelt, so that on a steep gradient flowers appear first on a lower altitude and subsequently, with melting of the snow, several tenth of meters higher. They are found at an altitude of 2500 - 4000 meters. Flowering lasts longer at lower altitudes.[4][5][6] The flowers persist for approximately 10 days. Secondary flowers may open a week or two after the primary flowers.[6]
Morphology
editThe leaves of R. adoneus are about 4 cm in diameter and deeply dissected into linear lobes, with narrow leaf segments that grow at the base and along the stem and are often just one pair. The stem, which is about 9 - 25 cm long, is hairless and quite thick and ascends erect from the roots (caudices). It bears 1 to 3 flowers that are yellow with 5 to 10 wedge-shaped petals.[7] The flowers are larger than the leaves, about 4 cm and are situated low in the young plant but become higher through stem elongation in the summer. The flowers are protogynous: the pistils mature before the maturation of the anthers to prevent self-fertility.
The flower has 5 greenish-yellow sepals that have white hairs on the lower surface. Petals are overlapping and curved-up towards the tip so the flower is cup-shaped.
Receptacles bear 50–150 stigmas, which mature over several days. Photosynthetic achenes, the fruit that contains a seed, develop from the fertilized ovules. Seeds disperse mainly by gravity 3 to 5 weeks after fertilization.[6]
Heliotropism
editThe flowers present heliotropism, a property that is often present in alpine and arctic plants. It allows the flowers to track the sun, warm up and attract insects[8] In fact, when the flowers are not within 45° in line with the sun, and less insects visit the flower, the seed yield is much less.[9]
Ref. Heliotropic animal[10]
References
edit- ^ Gray, Asa; Hooker, J.D. (1881). The Vegetation of the Rocky Mountain Region and a comparison with that of other parts of the world. Authors edition. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-337-38172-1. OCLC 1189712821.
- ^ Gray, Asa (1863). "Enumeration of the Species of Plants Collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour, during the Summer and Autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory, lat. 39°-41°". Proceedings of the Acadamy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 15: 56 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ Southwest, The American. "Alpine Buttercup, Ranunculus Adoneus". www.americansouthwest.net. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
- ^ Stanton, M. L.; Galen, C.; Shore, J. (1997-02-01). "Population Structure Along a Steep Environmental Gradient: Consequences of Flowering Time and Habitat Variation in the Snow Buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus". Evolution. 51 (1): 79–94. doi:10.2307/2410962. ISSN 0014-3820 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Denver, Botanic Gardens (2018). Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountain region. Timber Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-60469-644-8. OCLC 1030444975.
- ^ a b c Baack, Eric J. (2005-11-01). "Ecological factors influencing tetraploid establishment in snow buttercups ( Ranunculus adoneus , Ranunculaceae): minority cytotype exclusion and barriers to triploid formation". American Journal of Botany. 92 (11): 1827–1835. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.11.1827. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ "Ranunculus adoneus - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
- ^ Sherry, R. A.; Galen, C. (2002-03-01). "The mechanism of floral heliotropism in the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus". Plant, Cell and Environment. 21 (10): 983–993. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00336.x. ISSN 0140-7791.
- ^ Stanton, Maureen L.; Galen, Candace (1989-03-01). "Consequences of flower heliotropism for reproduction in an alpine buttercup (Ranunculus adoneus)". Oecologia. 78 (4): 477–485. doi:10.1007/BF00378737. ISSN 1432-1939.
- ^ Loeb, Jacques; Wasteneys, Hardolph (1915-01-01). "On the Identity of Heliotropism in Animals and Plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 (1): 44–47. doi:10.1073/pnas.1.1.44. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1090727. PMID 16586584.
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