Georges Meylan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1950 |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Occupation | Astronomer |
Georges Meylan is a Swiss astronomer, born on July 31, 1950 in Lausanne, Switzerland. He was the first director of the Laboratory of Astrophysics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland, and now a professor emeritus of astrophysics and cosmology at EPFL. He is still active in both research and teaching.
Biography edit
Georges Meylan was born on July 31, 1950, in Lausanne, Switzerland, where he attended primary school. He then started his higher education with the Special Mathematics Course at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - EPFL), followed by a master of mathematical sciences, specializing in pure mathematics and fundamental research, at the University of Lausanne.
He went to the University of Geneva for post-graduate studies in physics, where he obtained a master in astrophysics and astronomy. In the same institution, in 1985, he completed his PhD thesis devoted to the dynamical study of nearby stellar systems, called globular clusters, through the use of high-quality stellar radial velocities.
Georges Meylan benefited from two postdoctoral positions, first, at the Astronomy Department of the University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA, and, second, in the Scientific Group at the Headquarters of the European Southern observatory in Munich, Germany. He then occupied positions as senior astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute, in Baltimore, MD, USA and at the Headquarters of the European Southern Observatory in Munich, Germany. From 1999 to 2012, he was a Visiting Associate in the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, CA, USA.
From 2004 to 2015, Georges Meylan was a professor of Astrophysics and Cosmology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland, and, simultaneously, the first director of the EPFL Laboratory of Astrophysics. Since September 2015, he is a professor emeritus at EPFL, still active in research and in teaching, both at EPFL and at the University of Lausanne.
Scientific Interests edit
Georges Meylan has contributed significantly to two main fields of research in astrophysics and cosmology. First, he studied the internal stellar kinematics and dynamics of globular clusters, which are stellar systems containing from a few 105 to a few 106 stars. Second, he investigated the effect of gravitational lensing on distant galaxies and quasars induced by intervening galaxies and clusters of galaxies along the line of sight. Gravitational lensing is a genuine tool allowing the determination of some fundamental cosmological parameters, such as the Hubble constant H0 , related to the age of the Universe, and Ωm, and ΩΛ , which are, respectively, the fraction of matter (Baryonic and Dark Matter) and the fraction of Dark Energy in the Universe.
While at EPFL, he has initiated two long-term scientific programs. First, COSMOGRAIL EUCLID
Here after are some highlights of his main research achievements, which have been published in more than 300 hundred refereed papers :
- First extensive study of the presence of internal systemic rotation in two globular clusters, namely, ω Centauri and 47 Tucanae, through 2-D and 3-D investigations of their rotation fields (1986, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 166, 122-142).
- First application to the globular cluster ω Centauri of multi-mass anisotropic King-Michie dynamical models (1987, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 184, 144-154).
- Discovery of the first tight pair of quasars, at a redshift z = 1.345, separated by 4.2 arcsec in projection, corresponding to a physical separation distance of 25 kpc (1987, The Astrophysical Journal, 321, L17-L21).
- Discovery of a new gravitational lens candidate, associated with the quasar UM 425 = QSO 1120+019 (1989, The Astrophysical Journal, 338, L1-L4).
- Discovery of two high-velocity stars shot out of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (1991, The Astrophysical Journal, 383, 587-593).
- First dynamical mapping in the core of a collapsed globular cluster, namely, M15 (1994, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 290, 104-118).
- Spectroscopic identification providing the long awaited redshift measurement of the heavily obscured, gravitationally lensed radio source PKS 1830-211, which was first observed as a radio Einstein ring (1999, The Astrophysical Journal, 514, L57-L60).
- First extensive dynamical study of an extragalactic globular cluster, viz., Mayall II ~ G1, one of the brightest, most massive globular clusters, belonging to M31, the Andromeda galaxy (2001, The Astronomical Journal, 122, 830-841).
- First detection of weak gravitational shear at infrared wavelengths, using observations of the lensing cluster Abell 1689, taken with the SOFI camera on the ESO-NTT telescope (2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 385, L5-L9).
- Discovery of a bright quasar without a massive host galaxy (2005, Nature, 437, 381-384).
- First very high-quality measurements of about 15,000 stellar proper motions in a globular cluster, namely 47 Tucanae, giving access to an unprecedented precise view on the inner stellar dynamics and distance of such a stellar system (2006, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 166, 249-297).
- Discovery of the first physical triple quasar (2007, The Astrophysical Journal, 662, L1-L5).
- First precise study of microlensing variability in a gravitationally lensed quasar, namely, QSO 2237+0305 = the Einstein Cross (2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 480, 647-661 and 2008, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 490, 933-943).
- Discovery of the first quasar acting as a strong gravitational lens (2010, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 516, L12-L17).
- Hubble observations of three quasi-stellar objects acting as strong gravitational lenses (2012,
Astronomy & Astrophysics, 540, 36-44).
- Determination of the most precise time-delay measurements in gravitationally lensed quasars, in the framework of the collaborations COSMOGRAIL and H0LiCOW (e.g., 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 553, A120, 1-14 ; 2013, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 556, A22, 1-10 ; 2016, MNRAS).
Responsibilities edit
Georges Meylan was the scientific delegate (2008 - 2014) for Switzerland to the Council of the European Southern Observatory, Munich, Germany. He also was chairman (2006-2014) of the Swiss Commission for Astronomy (SCFA), in the framework of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (Sc|Nat).
He was chairman in the framework of the European Research Council (ERC) of the ERC PE9 Universe Sciences Panel 2010-2011 for Starting grants and ERC PE9 Universe Sciences Panel 2012-2013 and 2014-2015 for Consolidator grants.
Georges Meylan was president (2000-2003) of Division~VII “Galactic Systems” of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and president (2000-2003) of IAU Commission # 37 “Star Clusters and Associations”.
He has also been visiting Associate (1999 - 2012) at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, U.S.A.
Currently, Georges Meylan is a member (2016-2020) of the Council of the European Astronomical Society (EAS) and chairman (2016-2019) of the Board of Trustees of the International Space Sciences Institute (ISSI), Bern, Switzerland.