| Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis[1] |
 | |
| Micrograph of glomerulus in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with increased mesangial matrix and increased mesangial cellularity. Kidney biopsy. PAS stain. | |
| Specialty | Nephrology |
| Symptoms | Foamy urine, blood in the urine, swelling[1] |
| Complications | High blood pressure, low red blood cells, kidney failure[1] |
| Usual onset | Children and young adults[1] |
| Types | Primary (type I, II, III), secondary[1] |
| Causes | Unknown, infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, certain drugs[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Kidney biopsy[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Minimal change disease, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis[3] |
| Treatment | Steroids, cyclophosphamide, ASA, kidney transplant, plasma exchange[1][2] |
| Prognosis | Generally poor[2] |
| Frequency | Uncommon[1] |
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a pattern of injury of the glomeruli of the kidneys.[1] Symptoms may include foamy urine, blood in the urine, or swelling.[1] Generally it gradually worsens over time.[1] Complications often include high blood pressure, low red blood cells, and kidney failure.[1]
The cause can be unknown or it can occur as a result of infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, or certain drugs.[1] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve immune complexes building up in the kidneys and activating the complement system.[1] This results in mesangial cell growth with thickening of the walls of the small blood vessels.[1] Diagnosis is by kidney biopsy.[2]
The best method of management is unclear.[1] Treatment may include the use of steroids, cyclophosphamide, or aspirin.[1][2] Plasma exchange has been tried.[1] While a kidney transplant may be carried out, the disease may reoccur afterwards.[1] It is uncommon for the disease to resolve without treatment.[1] Outcomes are generally poor.[2]
MPGN is uncommon.[1] It most commonly occurs in children and young adults.[1] Males and females are affected equally frequently.[1] It makes up about 4% of primary kidney causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults.[1] MPGN was first described in 1965 by Gotoff and West.[4]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Alchi, B; Jayne, D (August 2010). "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 25 (8): 1409–18. doi:10.1007/s00467-009-1322-7. PMID 19908070.
- ^ a b c d e f Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis - Genitourinary Disorders. Merck Manual. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Floege, Jurgen; Johnson, Richard J.; Feehally, John (2010). Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-323-08133-7. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
- ^ Wolstenholme, G. E. W.; O'Connor, Maeve (2009). Protein Turnover. John Wiley & Sons. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-470-71759-2. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-01-25.