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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lymphoma

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma replacing a lymph node
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsEnlarged lymph nodes, fever, sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, feeling tired[1][2]
Risk factorsEpstein–Barr virus, autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, tobacco smoking[2][3]
Diagnostic methodLymph node biopsy[1][2]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, surgery[1][2]
PrognosisAverage five year survival 85% (USA)[4]
Frequency4.9 million (2015)[5]
Deaths204,700 (2015)[6]

Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name often refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.[1][2]

There are many subtypes of lymphomas.[8] The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) (90% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) (10%).[9] The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma: multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases.[10] About 90% of lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[9][11] Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.[12]

Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family.[1] Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides.[2][13] Eating large amounts of red meat and tobacco smoking may also increase the risk.[3][14][15] Diagnosis, if enlarged lymph nodes are present, is usually by lymph node biopsy.[1][2] Blood, urine, and bone marrow testing may also be useful in the diagnosis.[2] Medical imaging may then be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread.[1][2] Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and brain.[1][2]

Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery.[1][2] In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein.[2] Watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain types.[2] The outcome depends on the subtype with some being curable and treatment prolonging survival in most.[9] The five-year survival rate in the United States for all Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes is 85%,[4] while that for non-Hodgkin lymphomas is 69%.[16] Worldwide, lymphomas developed in 566,000 people in 2012 and caused 305,000 deaths.[10] They make up 3–4% of all cancers, making them as a group the seventh-most common form.[10][17] In children, they are the third-most common cancer.[18] They occur more often in the developed world than the developing world.[10]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "General Information About Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-23. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "General Information About Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-25. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  3. ^ a b Kamper-Jørgensen, M; Rostgaard, K; Glaser, SL; Zahm, SH; Cozen, W; Smedby, KE; Sanjosé, S; Chang, ET; Zheng, T; La Vecchia, C; Serraino, D; Monnereau, A; Kane, EV; Miligi, L; Vineis, P; Spinelli, JJ; McLaughlin, JR; Pahwa, P; Dosman, JA; Vornanen, M; Foretova, L; Maynadie, M; Staines, A; Becker, N; Nieters, A; Brennan, P; Boffetta, P; Cocco, P; Hjalgrim, H (September 2013). "Cigarette smoking and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma and its subtypes: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)". Annals of Oncology. 24 (9): 2245–55. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt218. PMC 3755332. PMID 23788758.
  4. ^ a b "Hodgkin Lymphoma—SEER Stat Fact Sheets". Seer.cancer.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  5. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Taylor, Elizabeth J. (2000). Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary (29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 1038. ISBN 0721662544.
  8. ^ Aditya Bardia (2010). Johns Hopkins Patients' Guide to Lymphoma. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 6. ISBN 9781449631413. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  9. ^ a b c The Lymphoma Guide Information for Patients and Caregivers (PDF). 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b c d World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.13. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  11. ^ "Lymphoma". NCI. 2011-02-02. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  12. ^ Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, Harris NL, Le Beau MM, Hellström-Lindberg E, Tefferi A, Bloomfield CD (Jul 30, 2009). "The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes". Blood. 114 (5): 937–51. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262. PMID 19357394. S2CID 3101472.
  13. ^ Hu, L; Luo, D; Zhou, T; Tao, Y; Feng, J; Mei, S (12 August 2017). "The association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and organophosphate pesticides exposure: A meta-analysis". Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987). 231 (Pt 1): 319–328. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.028. PMID 28810201.
  14. ^ Yang, L; Dong, J; Jiang, S; Shi, W; Xu, X; Huang, H; You, X; Liu, H (November 2015). "Red and Processed Meat Consumption Increases Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies". Medicine. 94 (45): e1729. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001729. PMC 4912242. PMID 26559248.
  15. ^ Solimini, AG; Lombardi, AM; Palazzo, C; De Giusti, M (May 2016). "Meat intake and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies". Cancer Causes & Control. 27 (5): 595–606. doi:10.1007/s10552-016-0745-2. PMID 27076059. S2CID 17430078.
  16. ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  17. ^ Marcus, Robert (2013). Lymphoma : pathology, diagnosis and treatment (Second ed.). p. 1. ISBN 9781107010598. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06.
  18. ^ Tepper, John E. Niederhuber, James O. Armitage, James H. Doroshow, Michael B. Kastan, Joel E. (2014). "Childhood lymphoma". Abeloff's clinical oncology (Fifth ed.). p. Chapter 97. ISBN 978-1455728657.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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