| Helicobacter pylori infection | |
|---|---|
| Other names | H. pylori infection, Campylobacter pylori |
 | |
| Immunohistochemical staining of H. pylori (brown) from a gastric biopsy | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease, gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Abdominal pain, nausea, heart burn[3] |
| Complications | Gastritis, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer[4] |
| Causes | Helicobacter pylori, spread by fecal-oral or oral–oral route[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Urea breath test, fecal antigen assay, rapid urease test, tissue biopsy[4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Celiac disease, Crohn disease, NSAID use, lactose intolerance[3] |
| Medication | Proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole[5][4] |
| Frequency | 60% (2015)[6] |
Helicobacter pylori infection is an infection, typically of the stomach, by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.[3] Usually there are no symptoms; but it may result in gastritis (stomach inflammation) in 25% or stomach ulcers in 10%.[4][5] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, and heart burn.[3] Infection is also associated with atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and mucosal associated-lymphoid-type (MALT) lymphoma.[4][3]
It is believed to spread mostly by the fecal-oral and possibly oral-oral route.[4] Risk factors include living in an area were the disease is common and poverty.[4][3] Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved rod-shaped bacterium.[4] Diagnosis is by urea breath test, fecal antigen assay, rapid urease test, or tissue biopsy.[4] Serology may indicate a current or past infection.[4]
Cases without symptoms do not require specific treatment.[4] Otherwise the combination of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, metronidazole, and clarithromycin may be used.[5] Other options include a PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, metronidazole, and tetracycline.[4] Treatment is generally for 14 days.[4] An H. pylori vaccine is in development as of 2015.[3]
It is estimated that 60% of the world's population were infected in 2015, with this being more common in developing countries.[6][4] Onset is often in childhood.[3] About 5% of children under 10 in the United States are affected.[3] In recent decades, rates have declined in many countries.[7] The bacterium was first identified in 1982 by Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren.[8][9]
References edit
- ^ "Helicobacter". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary., "pylori". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary..
- ^ "pylori". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Parikh, NS; Ahlawat, R (January 2022). "Helicobacter Pylori". StatPearls. PMID 30480966.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Helicobacter pylori - Chapter 4 - 2020 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "Management of Helicobacter pylori in 2023: who should be tested, treated, and how | This Changed My Practice". thischangedmypractice.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ a b Hooi JK, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MM, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, et al. (August 2017). "Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Gastroenterology. 153 (2): 420–429. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022. PMID 28456631.
- ^ Minalyan A, Gabrielyan L, Scott D, Jacobs J, Pisegna JR (August 2017). "The Gastric and Intestinal Microbiome: Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 19 (8): 42. doi:10.1007/s11894-017-0577-6. PMC 5621514. PMID 28733944.
- ^ Rees, Alan M. (1997). Consumer Health USA. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-57356-068-9. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
- ^ Warren JR, Marshall B (June 1983). "Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis". Lancet. 1 (8336): 1273–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92719-8. PMID 6134060. S2CID 1641856.