| Gunshot wound | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Gunshot injuries, ballistic trauma, bullet wound, firearm-related injuries |
 | |
| Male skull showing bullet exit wound on parietal bone, 1950s. | |
| Specialty | Trauma surgery |
| Symptoms | Pain, deformity, bleeding[1][2] |
| Complications | PTSD, lead poisoning, nerve injury[1][2][3] |
| Causes | Guns |
| Risk factors | Illegal drug trade, access to firearms, substance misuse including alcohol, mental health problems, firearm laws, social and economic differences[4][5] |
| Prevention | Firearm laws, safer storage[6][7] |
| Treatment | Trauma care[8] |
| Frequency | 1 million (interpersonal violence in 2015)[9] |
| Deaths | 251,000 (2016)[4] |
A gunshot wound (GSW) is physical trauma caused by a bullet from a firearm.[10][11] Damage may include bleeding, broken bones, organ damage, infection of the wound, or loss of the ability to move part of the body.[2] Damage depends on the part of the body hit, the path the bullet follows through the body, and the type and speed of the bullet.[11] Long-term complications can include lead poisoning and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[1][2][12]
Factors that determine rates of firearm violence vary by country.[4] These factors may include the illegal drug trade, access to firearms, substance misuse including alcohol, mental health problems, firearm laws, and social and economic differences.[4][5] Where guns are more common, altercations more often end in death.[13]
Before management begins it should be verified the area is safe.[8] This is followed by stopping major bleeding, then assessing and supporting the airway, breathing, and circulation.[8] Firearm laws, particularly background checks and permit to purchase, decrease the risk of death from firearms.[6] Safer firearm storage may decrease the risk of firearm-related deaths in children.[7]
In 2015 about a million gunshot wounds occurred from interpersonal violence.[9] In 2016, firearms resulted in 251,000 deaths globally, up from 209,000 in 1990.[4] Of these deaths 161,000 (64%) were the result of assault, 67,500 (27%) were the result of suicide, and 23,000 (9%) were accidents.[4] In the United States, guns resulted in about 40,000 deaths in 2017.[14] Firearm-related deaths are most common in males between the ages of 20 to 24 years.[4] Economic costs due to gunshot wounds have been estimated at $US 140 billion a year in the United States.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Gun Shot Wounds - Trauma - Orthobullets". www.orthobullets.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Gunshot wounds - aftercare: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ Stein, JS; Strauss, E (January 1995). "Gunshot wounds to the upper extremity. Evaluation and management of vascular injuries". The Orthopedic clinics of North America. 26 (1): 29–35. PMID 7838501.
- ^ a b c d e f g Global Burden of Disease 2016 Injury, Collaborators.; Naghavi, M; Marczak, LB (28 August 2018). "Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016". JAMA. 320 (8): 792–814. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.10060. PMC 6143020. PMID 30167700.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Branas, CC; Han, S; Wiebe, DJ (2016). "Alcohol Use and Firearm Violence". Epidemiologic Reviews. 38 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxv010. PMC 4762248. PMID 26811427.
- ^ a b Lee, LK; Fleegler, EW; Farrell, C; Avakame, E; Srinivasan, S; Hemenway, D; Monuteaux, MC (1 January 2017). "Firearm Laws and Firearm Homicides: A Systematic Review". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (1): 106–119. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7051. PMID 27842178.
- ^ a b Santaella-Tenorio, J; Cerdá, M; Villaveces, A; Galea, S (2016). "What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries?". Epidemiologic Reviews. 38 (1): 140–57. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxv012. PMC 6283012. PMID 26905895.
- ^ a b c Breeze, John; Penn-Barwell, Jowan G.; Keene, Damian; O'Reilly, David; Jeyanathan, Jeyasankar; Mahoney, Peter F. (2017). Ballistic Trauma: A Practical Guide (4 ed.). Springer. p. 75. ISBN 9783319613642. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Gunshot wound definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ a b "Gunshot Injuries; Gunshot wounds (GSW) information". patient.info. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
- ^ Aaron, DL; Fadale, PD; Harrington, CJ; Born, CT (May 2011). "Posttraumatic stress disorders in civilian orthopaedics". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 19 (5): 245–50. doi:10.5435/00124635-201105000-00001. PMID 21536623.
- ^ Cukier, W; Eagen, SA (February 2018). "Gun violence". Current Opinion in Psychology. 19: 109–112. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.008. PMID 29279206.
- ^ McLean, Robert M.; Harris, Patrice; Cullen, John; Maier, Ronald V.; Yasuda, Kyle E.; Schwartz, Bruce J.; Benjamin, Georges C. (7 August 2019). "Firearm-Related Injury and Death in the United States: A Call to Action From the Nation's Leading Physician and Public Health Professional Organizations". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171: 573. doi:10.7326/M19-2441. PMID 31390463.
- ^ Rhee, PM; Moore, EE; Joseph, B; Tang, A; Pandit, V; Vercruysse, G (June 2016). "Gunshot wounds: A review of ballistics, bullets, weapons, and myths". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 80 (6): 853–67. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001037. PMID 26982703.