I am the owner of Aquatic Restorations, LLC. Located in Westchester, NY (U.S.A) I work exclusively with Clean-Flo International. I would like to contribute the the Wiki community to assist in your Wiki Lakes project. I have included the following to be of further value to the process of transferring information to this cause.
Best regards,
Jack Mosel
Contact:
moseljack@yahoo.com 914.260.5678 (U.S.A)
Web site:
www.aquaticrestorationllc.com www.clean-flo.com
I have been affiliated with Clean-Flo International for over 15 years and am their authorized representative for New York and New England.
Clean-Flo International restores Lakes, Ponds, Rivers, Reservoirs all over the world. They have pioneered the continuous multiple inversion laminar flow process for restoring these water bodies to a pristine state, naturally. The process is used in U.S., England, France, Phillipines, Korea, Taiwan, China, India. Please reference the following article written by Robert Laing, Clean-Flo's founder and my personal friend.
Continuous Laminar Flow Inversion and Oxygenation to Precipitate Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Lakes, Rivers and Reservoirs
Robert L. Laing
NUTRIENT RELEASE FROM ANOXIC SEDIMENT
Many technical publications show that when a lake is devoid of oxygen at the bottom, as most eutrophic lakes almost always are, about three times as much phosphorus and nitrogen are released from the bottom sediments as what enters each year from a typical watershed. It is typical to have nutrient increases in the water column at the time of spring or fall turnover as a result of mixing high nutrient bottom water into the water column.
Currently emerging concerns about internal loading ignores the importance of internal loading that researchers have recognized since the early 1900's. Reports of internal loading are numerous, and date back to 1903 (Kofoid, 1903; Pond, 1905; Hutchinson, 1941; Lindeman, 1942; Mortimer, 1941, 1942). Stefan and Hanson (1981) observed significant phosphorus transport from the anoxic bottom water to the surface waters associated with mixing in five shallow lakes in south central Minnesota. Taylor (1978) found nutrients recycled from bottom sediment in a mesotrophic Connecticut lake during periods of anaerobic conditions to contribute 3.3 times more nitrogen and 3.6 times more phosphorus than all other influent sources. Terry (1974) found 5l to l7l mg ammonia released per kg of sediment per day when anaerobic conditions existed. Sonzogni, et al, (l977) measured a sediment release rate of 7 mg phosphorus per square meter per day for Lake Shagawa in Minnesota during two summer months after nutrient diversion.
After a nutrient diversion project failed to restore Cedar Lake in Indiana, Jones (1985) found that 69 92% of the total phosphorus was entering the lake from the anoxic sediment. Cooke et al (1977) calculated that 65 105% of the increase in phosphorus in Twin Lakes in Ohio came from the anoxic sediments during summer stratification. Ryding et al (1977) found phosphorus from the sediments to be as much as 400% of the external load per year in three Swedish lakes. Likewise, phosphorus from the sediment in Lake Wabumun in Alberta is over 4 times as high as incoming phosphorus (Mitchell, 1984). Schneider, et al, (1969), estimated the top three feet of sediment in 31,000 acre Lake Apopka in Florida to contain approximately 500 million pounds of nitrogen (all forms) and 5 10 million pounds of phosphorus. Many researchers have found large increases in ammonia and phosphorus during periods of anaerobic activity (e.g. Mortimer, l94l and 1942; Gunnison, et al, 1980; Nurnberg, 1984; Summerfelt, et al, l967; McKee, et al, l963; Black, et al, 1954; Fillos, et al, l975; Robinette, l976; Fekete, 1973; and Pamatmat, et al, l973).
To eliminate the problems, oxygen must be added to the water, surface to bottom without turbulent mixing of the fertilizers, toxic gases and anoxic water at the sediment throughout the water column of the lake. The toxic bottom gases must be removed without mixing them with the rest of the lake. Clean Flo International is a pioneer of lake restoration techniques. Our integrated approach combines mechanical, biological, and non toxic chemical methods. We have improved water quality, reduced weeds, algae and organic sediment, and improved fishing in over three thousand lakes, ponds, rivers, reservoirs and wastewater treatment basins throughout the world. These projects range in size from less than one acre to over 500 acres (except for two bays of the ocean, which were about 20,000 acres) and up to 43 kilometers of river.