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Mohamud Ali Hussein(Soomaali: Maxamuud Cali Xuseen) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.jpg 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan In office 14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977 President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Preceded by Nurul Amin Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo 4th President of Pakistan In office 20 December 1971 – 13 August 1973 Vice President Nurul Amin Preceded by Yahya Khan Succeeded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Speaker of the National Assembly In office 14 April 1972 – 15 August 1972 Preceded by Abdul Jabbar Khan Succeeded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 15 June 1963 – 31 August 1966 President Ayub Khan Preceded by Muhammad Ali Bogra Succeeded by Sharifuddin Pirzada Personal details Born 5 January 1928 Larkana, Sind, British India (now in Pakistan) Died 4 April 1979 (aged 51) Rawalpindi, Pakistan Political party Pakistan People's Party Spouse(s) Nusrat Ispahani Relations Bhutto family Children Benazir Murtaza Sanam Shahnawaz Alma mater University of Southern California University of California, Berkeley Christ Church, Oxford Inns of Court School of Law Profession Lawyer, politician Religion Islam Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو) (IPA: [zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bʱʊʈːoː]; 5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan (1973–77) and its fourth President (1971–73). Revered as Quaid-i-Awam (قا ئد عوام; People's Leader), he founded the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. Educated at USC, UC Berkeley and Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London. His political career began as a member of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet, before being assigned several ministries during the presidency of Field Marshal Ayub Khan from 1958. Appointed as Foreign Minister in 1963, Bhutto was a proponent of covert infiltration in Indian Kashmir, leading to war with India in 1965. An agreement brokered by the Soviet Union ended hostilities, but Bhutto fell out with Ayub and was dismissed from the government. After uniting the left-wing mass, Bhutto founded the PPP in 1967, and contested 1970 general election held by President Yahya Khan, Ayub's successor. The East Pakistani party Awami League surprisingly won a plurality of seats, but neither Yahya nor Bhutto were ready to cede power to them. Subsequent uprisings led to the 1971 secession of the East as Bangladesh, as Pakistan were defeated in a war against Bangladesh-allied India. Bhutto was handed the presidency in December 1971 and emergency was imposed. By July 1972, President Bhutto had recovered ~93,000 prisoners of war and 5,000 square miles of Indian-held territory after signing the Simla Agreement with Indian premier Indira Gandhi. In foreign affairs, he strengthened ties with Soviet Union, China and Saudi Arabia, and recognised the sovereignty of Bangladesh. Domestically, Bhutto's reign saw parliament unanimously approve a new constitution in 1973, after which he endorsed Fazal Ilahi's bid for president, and assumed instead the newly empowered office of prime minister. He also played an integral role in initiating a nuclear-weapon programme. His economic programme was based on the nationalization of much of Pakistan's fledgling industries, healthcare, and educational institutions; this led to severe economic stagnation. In an attempt to restore peace, Bhutto dissolved the Balochistan Assembly which was met with unrest; Bhutto subsequently ordered a military operation in the province in 1973, causing thousands of civilian casualties. Despite civil disorder, aggravated by incidents of repression by federal forces, the PPP won the 1977 parliamentary elections easily. However, a conservative alliance alleged widespread rigging, and violence escalated across Pakistan. Finally on 5 July 1977, army chief General Zia-ul-Haq deposed Bhutto in a bloodless coup, and had the former Prime Minister controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court in 1979 for authorising the murder of a political opponent. While Bhutto's legacy is contentious, his party, the PPP, remains the largest in Pakistan and continues to be dominated by members of his family. Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Political career 2.1 Foreign Minister 3 Pakistan Peoples Party 4 President of Pakistan 4.1 Father of the Nuclear weapons program 5 Prime Minister of Pakistan 5.1 Constitutional reforms 5.2 Domestic reforms 5.3 Land, flood and agriculture reforms 5.4 Economic policy 5.5 Banking and Export expansion 5.6 Balochistan 5.6.1 Military operation 5.6.2 Iraqi intervention 5.6.3 Aftermath 5.7 Passport reforms 5.8 Labour policy and social security 5.9 Foreign policy 5.9.1 East Asia 5.9.2 Arab world and Israel 5.9.3 United States and Soviet Union 5.9.4 Afghanistan and Central Asia 6 Decline 6.1 Popular unrest 6.2 Military coup 6.3 Arrests and trial 6.4 Death sentence and appeal 6.5 Possible role of United States in ousting Bhutto 6.6 Re-opening of Bhutto Trial 7 Legacy 7.1 Eponyms 8 Bibliography 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography on Bhutto's life 12 External links