User:Mkf51/Race Suicide/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Outline

• Introduction (Meghan)
  • I hope to update the current "Introduction," consolidating information presented in the "Coined by?" section and the "Roosevelt" section. I hope to provide a concise, yet comprehensive definition/introduction to this concept, while both preserving existing work and leaving room for additional sections on Racialized Women, Eugenics, and Political/Linguistic Propaganda. MeghanBedi (talk) 04:32, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
• Eugenics (Meghan)
  • This article, as it stands now, largely overlooks the concept of "Race Suicide" as a tool for Eugenic white supremacy. I aim to, through hefty research, contribute to this section by expanding on the ways in which white supremacy and Eugenic propaganda has shaped the way "Race Suicide" is posed as a pressing concern by dominant institutions. Moreover, I will discuss how the concept of Eugenics intersects with "Race Suicide" through a variety of oppressive tactics against marginalized and/or disabled individuals. I will touch on "Population sciences" and "birth rate" studies as a mechanism for white supremacy, forced sterilizations, and eugenic infanticide. I will further discuss the implications of this inherent comradery between Eugenics and "Race Suicide," especially as it concerns black and brown women and disabled folk. MeghanBedi (talk) 04:29, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
• Expanding to Racialized Women (Michaela)
  • I would like to add a “racialized women” section to this page. I feel that the entry as it stands now largely overlooks, first, the way race suicide implicated Black, Asian, and Latinx communities, and more specifically, the women within these communities. I'd initially ground the discussion by outlining the hypersexualization of women and how the stereotype contributes to their racialization. Such racialization hardened fears of race suicide. Hypersexualization was not only socially perpetuated but was systemically ingrained into U.S. institutions. Legislation from the Page Act of 1875 to the 1924 Johnson-Reed Act provides such evidence. Upon the establishment of incarcerating institutions, jails imprisoned women for deviating from norms of sexuality, and black people, especially during the Jim Crow era, were sent to prisons at disproportionate rates. When women of color were incarcerated, they were not sent to reformatories like white women, but rather, they resided in custodial prisons like men. Further, influential scientific figures like Harry H. Laughlin testified before Congress, warning of a race suicide if such dynamics prevailed and immigration law failed to be strong enough. Case law provides additional evidence for hypersexual racialization and race suicide anxieties. Rhinelander v. Rhinelander (1925), for instance, painted a Black woman as a hypersexual “vamp” who took advantage of her white husband, echoing societal fears of race corruption. On the cultural side, films like Black Stork crafted images of seductive enslaved women, while Dragon Lady and Lotus Blossom villainized Asian American women as temptresses. After outlining the foundations and perpetuations of the women of color as hypersexualized people, I will transition into a more detailed conversation on hysteria and its racializing dynamics, including how the exclusive diagnosis played into, and contributed to, fears of race suicide. Specifically, white, upper-class women were most commonly diagnosed with a disease called “hysteria.” The sickness purportedly caused (white) women to not reproduce and thus endangered the longevity of the white race. It played into racializing dynamics largely because the chief cause was “overcivilization,” which was put in a binary opposition to “savage” — a category for women of color. The categorization and diagnosis were founded in societal and “scientific” ideas that women of color, savage women, were robust, strong, fertile, and threatening — partly related to their hypersexuality, partly related to their innate “savagery.” Thus, conversely, upper-class white women were weak, fragile, nervous, and infertile. These dynamics, where women of color were fertile and birthing while hysteriacal white women were not, exacerbated race suicide concerns. Mkf51 (talk) 15:40, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
• Political Implications & Language (Joy)
  • I'm hoping to add a section that focuses on the use of language and how it might be used with a more political agenda to oppress certain groups. I’m planning on expanding on how race suicide has been manipulated for political gain and/or motivations and also how the use of its language has been used in academia and other areas to further a political stance, such as with 'political linguistics', 'media linguistics', and 'language politics'. The current article has some discussion surrounding Roosevelt and his speech, so I may tie it into that section and related examples from history. It appears that as the article is now, it does not fully address the these potential implications of "race suicide" and related terms, and I think it would be helpful to fill the gap on how word choice can explicitly or implicitly affect the way people view certain things. Thus, I am planning on touching briefly on how language can influence perception or thought, such as with 'linguistic relativity/determinism', as well. Joyy.c (talk) 15:34, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Bibliography

• Bell, Alexander Graham (November 1920). "Is Race Suicide Possible?" (PDF).
  • This is a primary source from telephone founder, famous Scientist Bell. It gives clear perspective on race suicide.

• King, Miriam, and Steven Ruggles (Winter 1990). "American Immigration, Fertility, and Race Suicide at the Turn of the Century". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 20 (3): 347–369.
  • This is a peer reviewed study that illustrates the supposed breeding power of POC in early 1900s was an illusion.
• Stern, Alexandra Minna (September 2022,). "From "Race Suicide" to "White Extinction": White Nationalism, Nativism, and Eugenics over the Past Century." Journal of American History. 109 (2): 349–361.
  • This is one of the most robust sources. It is a journal article that details various important topics from legislation that increased the race suicide dynamics to figures like Laughlin to modern day iterations of race suicide rhetoric.
• Palmieri, Patricia A. "From Republican Motherhood to Race Suicide: Arguments on the Higher Education of Women in the United States, 1820-1920." The History of Higher Education: 173-180.
  • This journal piece discusses the connection and fears of women in college.
• Wacks, Jamie L (October 19, 2000). Werner, Sollors (ed.). Reading Race, Rhetoric, and the Female Body in the Rhinelander Case. Oxford University of Press.
  • This journal article discusses the hyper sexuality of Black women as displayed in the Rhinelander case.
• Hwang, Maria Cecilia and Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar (July 14, 2021). "The Gendered Racialization of Asian Women as Villainous Temptresses." Gender & Society. 35 (4).
  • This peer reviewed journal outlines the hyper sexualization and overall racialization of Asian women, especially valuable is the Page Act discussion
• Harris, Lesile J (August 6, 2020). "'Whores' and 'Hottentots': Protection of (white) women and white supremacy in anti-suffrage rhetoric." Quarterly Journal of Speech. 106 (3): 253–257.
  • This peer reviewed journal article discusses relates suffrage and the racialization of black women, partly facilitated by President Taft.
• Kline, Wendy Anne (1998). "'Building a better race': Eugenics and the making of modern morality in America, 1900-1960." ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • This dissertation clarifies Roosevelt's role in propagating race suicide as a term.
• Briggs, Laura (June 2000). "The Race of Hysteria: 'Overcivilization' and the 'Savage; Woman in Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology." American Quarterly. 52 (2): 246–273.
  • This peer reviewed journal is the anchoring piece for our discussion on hysteria and radicalizing dynamics embedded in it.
• George J. Engelmann, "The Instinctive or Natural and Physiological Position of Woman in Labor," AJOD 13 (1880): 902-5; "Pregnancy, Parturition, and Childbed Among Primitive People," AJOD 14 (1881): 603-18; 827-47; "The Third Stage of Labor: An Ethnological Study," AJOD 15 (1882): 303-22; "Massage and Expression or External Manipulation in the Obstetric Practice of Primitive People," AJOD 15 (1882): 601-25.
  • This source comes from Briggs paper. It is a study of labor and childbirth among "primitive" people in the US that "proved" some strength in childbearing.
• Joseph Taber Johnson, "Apparent Peculiarities of Parturition in the Negro Race, with Remarks on Race Pelves in General," AJOD 8 (1875): 93-94.
  • This study on Black women fertility draws incorrect conclusions, illustrating the continuing believe that Black women did not have hard labors.
• Lucien Warner, A Popular Treatise on the Functions and Diseases of Women (New York: Manhattan Publishing, 1874), 109, cited in Barbara Ehrenreich and Dierdre English, Complaints and Disorders, 114.
  • This study brought together race and gender and illustrated how Black women and immigrants have "comparative immunity" compared to American white women.
• George Beard, American Nervousness, 92.
  • In his piece he explicitly states how hysteria "scarily exists among savages or barbarians."
• Washington, Harriet A. (January 8, 2008). Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. Vintage.
  • Chapter 8 which discusses the Black Stork will help illuminate the hypersexualization of Black women (in this case enslaved).
• Ben-Moshe, Liat, et. al. (May 29, 2014). Disability Incarcerated. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Chapter 1's discussion on women imprisoned for deviating from sex norms, the rate of Black women incarceration, and women of color going to custodial prisons like men, will all be helpful in my discussion.
• Leonard, Thomas, C. 2005. "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19 (4): 207-224. https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf
  • This article gives excellent academic context to bridge "Eugenics" and "Race Suicide"
• Arce, Debbie and Dana Simmons. "The Vagrancy of Race Suicide Through the Early Twentieth Century: Reimagining Fear." UCR Undergraduate Research Journal.
  • This article delivers definitional and historical context for the "Introduction" section.
• Caron, Simone. "Race Suicide, Eugenics, and Contraception, 1900–1930." Who Chooses? American Reproductive History since 1830, 2008.
  • This chapter will aid with the connection to the "Eugenics" section as well.

Bibliography

• Minnesota Public Radio. "Part four: Race Suicide". https://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199711/20_smiths_fertility/part1/f4.shtml Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  • This radio source summarize Theodore Roosevelt's use of the term "race suicide" in order to prevent the population of White Americans from falling below that of minority groups and immigrant populations by encouraging having more children.
• American Sociological Association. "Edward Alsworth Ross". https://www.asanet.org/edward-a-ross/ Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  • This article highlights Ross's motives when coining the term "race suicide" and the political message he aimed to share when using the term.
• Bell, Alexander Graham (1920). "Is Race Suicide Possible?." Journal of Heredity 11.8: 339-341.
  • This is a section from a journal where Bell uses the term "race suicide" to encourage having more children for the sake of making sure the immigrant population does not exceed the White American population.
• King, Miriam; Ruggles, Steven (1990). "American immigration, fertility, and race suicide at the turn of the century." The Journal of interdisciplinary history 20.3: 347-369.
  • This part of a journal explains how beyond politicians, even ministers and educators were pushing for legislation to encourage American "natives" to marry and have children.
• Hamilton '04, Sarah, "To Cover Ancient Prejudice with the Palladium of Scientific Argument: Women, Reproduction, Pseudo-Science, and the Alarm of Race Suicide, 1870-1915" (2004). Honors Projects. 14. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/14
  • This honors project describes how the term "race suicide" was a representation of individuals who were afraid that White males would no longer be the politically, ethnically, and socially dominant group of the United States during the industrial period.

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Outline of proposed changes

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