User:Mitchumch/Tuskegee movement

Tuskegee movement
Part of the Civil Rights Movement
Location	Tuskegee, Alabama
Caused by	Smith v. Allwright (1944) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Alabama Act 140 (1957)
Resulted in	Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960) Anthony Lee et al. v. Macon County Board of Education (1967) Wallace v. United States
Parties
Tuskegee Civil Association (TCA) Macon County Board of Education Board of Registrars City of Tuskegee Mayor of Tuskegee Tuskegee City Council
Lead figures
TCA member Charles G. Gomillion, president William P. Mitchell, executive director City of Tuskegee Philip M. Lightfoot, mayor

Prelude

• Formation of Tuskegee Civil Association (TCA) in 1941 - formerly the Tuskegee Men's Club
• Smith v. Allwright (1944)
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Conflicts

Gerrymander of black voters residing in Tuskegee

• Voter registration campaign of 1956
• Alabama Act 140 (1957), act would gerrymander black residents out of city of Tuskegee
  • Sam Engelhardt, Jr., Alabama state senator & executive secretary of the White Citizens Councils of Alabama
  • Butler Chapel AME Zion Church, meeting place of AA community during protest about Act 140
• Tuskegee merchant boycott: 1957–1960
  • John Malcolm Patterson, Attorney General of Alabama
  • Gordon Madison, Assistant Attorney General of Alabama
• Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960)
  • Colegrove v. Green (1946)
  • Charles G. Gomillion, Dean of Tuskegee Institute & President of TCA
  • Fred Gray, attorney
  • Robert Carter, attorney
  • Arthur Shores, attorney
• Frank Minis Johnson

Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis: September 2, 1963

• George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
• Macon County schools-Shorter and Notasulga
• Anthony Lee et al. v. Macon County Board of Education
  • Plaintiffs
    • Fred Gray, attorney for plaintiffs
    • Anthony Lee, 1 of 13 plaintiffs
    • Willie Wyatt, 2 of 13 plaintiffs
    • Wilma Jones Scott, 3 of 13 plaintiffs
    • Henry Lee, 4 of 13 plaintiffs
  • Defendants
    • Richmond Flowers, Sr., Alabama Attorney General

Further reading

• Gray, Fred D. (2012). Bus Ride to Justice - Changing the System by the System: The Life and Works of Fred Gray, Preacher, Attorney, Politician. Montgomery, Alabama: NewSouth Books. ISBN 9781588382863.
• Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst (1984). Crusade for Civic Democracy: The Story of the Tuskegee Civic Association, 1941-1970. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 9780533057009.
• Hayman, John (1996). Bitter Harvest: Richmond Flowers and the Civil Rights Revolution. Montgomery, Alabama: Black Belt. ISBN 9781881320463.
• Norrell, Robert Jefferson (2013). Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307828514.
• Schultz, David Andrew, ed. (2009). "Gomillion et a. v. Lightfoot, Mayor of Tuskegee, et al.". Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 316–318. ISBN 9781438126777.
• Taper, Bernard (1962). Gomillion Versus Lightfoot: The Tuskegee Gerrymander Case. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

External links

• Schexnayder, C. J. (February 25, 2013). "Lee v. Macon County Board of Education". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
• "50th Anniversary of Tuskegee Public High School Integration". C-SPAN. National Cable Satellite Corporation. August 24, 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2015.