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Assignment 9 final:


Womb and vagina envy, in feminist psychology denote the anxiety that many men may feel caused by envy of the biological functions of the female (pregnancy, parturition, breastfeeding). The Neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed this as an innate male psychological trait. These emotions could fuel the social subordination of women, and drive men to succeed in other areas of life, such as business, law, and politics.[1][2][3] Each term is analogous to the concept of female penis envy presented in Freudian psychology, from the theory of psychosexual development. In this they address the gender role social dynamics underlying the "envy and fascination with the female breasts and lactation, with pregnancy and childbearing, and vagina envy [that] are clues and signs of transsexualism and to a femininity complex of men, which is defended against by psychological and sociocultural means".[4]

Womb envy

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Womb envy denotes the envy men may feel towards a woman's role in nurturing and sustaining life. Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed that men experience womb envy more powerfully than women experience penis envy, because "men need to disparage women more than women need to disparage men".[5] This feeling is stronger in men relating to them wanting to live up to the male stereotype of having the upper hand and dominance over females. Boehm describes how when seeing something more that we don't have ourselves then it excites the envy in males.[6] As a psychoanalyst, Horney considered womb envy a cultural, psychosocial tendency, like the concept of penis envy, rather than an innate male psychological trait.[7] Believing that it arises when men think they are not in control and powerful in their lives like they thought they were.[8] Brian Luke, in his book Brutal: Manhood and the Exploitation of Animals[9] , discusses three ways in which men who experience womb envy may respond: by compensating—constructing a realm of exclusively male activity, by revaluing—devaluing the functions specific to women and/or magnifying the functions specific to men, and by appropriation—taking control of female specific functions.[10] Luke attributes the coining of this term not to Horney, but to Eva Kittay. The first page of her 1984 article, Rereading Freud on 'Femininity' or Why Not Womb Envy?.[11] In it she poses the question of why there is not an concept analogous to penis envy and offers the term womb envy.

In Personality Theories, Barbara Engler discusses the often unconscious and indirect ways that womb envy manifests. "Womb envy, rather than being openly acknowledged by most males, has often taken subtle and indirect forms, such as rituals of taboo, isolation, and cleansing that have been frequently associated with menstruation and childbirth, the need to disparage women, accuse them of witchcraft, belittle their achievements and deny them equal rights." Engler also refers to criticism of Horney's theory on the grounds that it equated womanhood with motherhood.[12]

Discussing the limitations of Horney's broader psychological viewpoint, Bernardo J. Carducci points out the comparative lack of empirical evidence saying, "In comparison to other theorists..., Horney's work has generated very little empirical research among personality psychologists. Although her theoretical ideas were presented in a relatively straightforward manner, they have not stimulated much interest in others to investigate their validity. This may be in part due to the rejection of her ideas by the more traditional and influential Freudian tradition operating at the time."[13]

In Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History (2000), historian Robert S. McElvaine extended Horney's argument that womb envy is a powerful, elementary factor in the psychological insecurity suffered by many men. He coined the term non-menstrual syndrome (NMS), denoting a man's possible insecurity before the biologic and reproductive traits of woman, saying womb envy may impel men to define their identities in opposition to women. Hence, men who are envious of women's reproductive traits insist that a "real man" must be "not-a-woman", seeking to socially dominate women—what they may or may not do in life—as psychological compensation for what men cannot do biologically.[14]

Along with womb envy there are other mentions that also discussed on topic of womb envy though not the exact name. Michael Joseph Eisler (1921) wrote it by looking at male pregnancy fantasies, not the direct term of womb envy is mentioned but contributed the male envy of female reproductive physiology was directed towards it. Boehm (1930) called it parturition envy instead, Zilboorg (1944) called it women envy, and Chesler (1978) called it uterus envy.[15]

Vagina envy

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Vagina envy denotes the envy males may feel towards females for having a vagina. Females have a lot of power with their bodies they can recreate life, reproduce multiple times, and menstruate; these are all seen as powerful things that the vagina/female body is able to do that males are not. In Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality (1966), Hendrik Ruitenbeek relates vagina envy to men's desire to be able to give birth, urinate faster, masturbate in ways physically different from those available to men, and that such psychological envy might produce misogyny in neurotic men.[16] Moreover, in Vagina Envy in Men (1993), the physician Harold Tarpley elucidates the theoretic differences among the constructs of "vagina envy", "womb envy", "breast envy", and "parturition envy". These are emotions where in men suffer envy—"a grudging desire for another's excellence or advantage"—of women's female biologic capabilities of pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding, and of the social-role freedom to physically nurture children.[17]

The women’s body is so valued for being able to reproduce and being strong enough to handle all the things it goes through, that males often become envious. This leads to the envy men develop for the ability of women to have toughness, control, and production in their body; often making the men feel inferior to them. To correct for this feeling they do whatever they can to get rid of it and stay superior. A way in current times of how men show this envy is by a common phrase said by males saying, “we’re pregnant!” even though in reality the women is the only one that’s pregnant. Including himself in this situation to make it more about him also and not just the female, leading to showing possessiveness and control over her.[18]Angela Davis in Women, Race and Class: The Approaching Obsolescence of Housework: A Working-Class Perspective connects to these different forms of womb envy when she analyzes how men see their wives as their property and “lifelong servants”, with having restricted control over their own lives.[19]

Criticism

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The theory of "womb envy" or "vaginal envy" is criticized based on the position that it indicates how the essence of being a woman lies in motherhood.[20] Scholars point out that the woman defined in terms of her essential maternity reduces her to her gender characteristics and in hence could, be exploited or be defined according to the terms of patriarchal logic and phallocentric impositions.[21] Domna Stanton, for instance, drew from Jacques Derrida's work to support this argument,[22] particularly, the theorist's position that "the maternal, which is metaphorized as total being to substantiate a notion that can combat the paternal, represents only one aspect of potential female difference."[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Horney, Karen. "Feminine Psychology". W.W. Norton Company, New York.
  2. ^ "Karen Horney". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  3. ^ McElvaine, Robert S. (2001). Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History. New Yor: McGraw-Hill.
  4. ^ Warnes, H; Hill, G. (1974). "Geder Identity and the Wish to be a Women". Psychosomatics. 15 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(74)71290-7.
  5. ^ Horney, Karen (1942). The collected works of Karen Horney (volume ll). W.W. Norton Company, New York.
  6. ^ Bayne, E (2011). "Womb envy: The cause of misogyny and even male achievement?". Womens Studies International Forum. 34 (2): 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.01.007.
  7. ^ Horney, Karen. "Feminine Psychology". W.W. Norton Company, New York.
  8. ^ Hockenberry, Lindsy. "How Womb Envy Caused Men to Control Women's Bodies". A Medium Corporation. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  9. ^ Luke, Brian (2007-01-01). Brutal: Manhoob and the Exploitation of Animals. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252074240.
  10. ^ Luke, Brian (2007-01-01). Brutal: Manhoob and the Exploitation of Animals. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252074240.
  11. ^ Kittay, Eva Feder (1984-01-01). "Rereading Freud on 'femininity' or why not womb envy?". Women's Studies International Forum. 7 (5): 385–391. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(84)90038-4.
  12. ^ Engler, Barbara (2008). Personality Theories. Cengage Learning. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0547148348.
  13. ^ Carducci, Bernardo J. "The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications": 185. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ McElvaine, Robert S. (2000). Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History. McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 77–78.
  15. ^ Bayne, E (2011). "Womb envy: The cause of misogyny and even male achievement?". Womens Studies International Forum. 34 (2): 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.01.007.
  16. ^ Ruitenbeek, Hendrik. Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality. Rowman 7 Littlefield, New York. p. 144.
  17. ^ Tarpley, Harold (1993). "Vagina Envy in Men". Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry. 21 (3): 457–464. PMID 8226185.
  18. ^ Hockenberry, Lindsy. "How Womb Envy Has Cuased Men to Control Women's Bodies". A Medium Corporation. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  19. ^ Davis, Angela (2-12-1983). Women, Race, & Class. New York: Vintage Books. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Engler, Barbara (2009). Personality Theories. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. p. 128. ISBN 9780547148342.
  21. ^ Walker, Michelle (2003). Philosophy and the Maternal Body: Reading Silence. London: Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 0415168570.
  22. ^ Walker, Michelle (2003). Philosophy and the Maternal Body: Reading Silence. London: Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 0415168570.
  23. ^ Allen, Jeffner; Young, Iris Marion (1989). The thinkig Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0253359805.

Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).</ref> This looks great. Nice job! I'm going to ask Ian to review it for publicatin. J.R. Council (talk) 21:45, 25 April 2019 (UTC)



Meganshask (talk) 01:57, 25 April 2019 (UTC)Megan Shasky Main section:

Womb envy denotes the envy men may feel towards a woman's role in nurturing and sustaining life. The Neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed that men experience womb envy more powerfully than women experience penis envy, because "men need to disparage women more than women need to disparage men".[5] As a psychoanalyst, Horney considered womb envy a cultural, psychosocial tendency, like the concept of penis envy, rather than an innate male psychological trait.[1] Brian Luke, in his book Brutal: Manhood and the Exploitation of Animals,[6] discusses three ways in which men who experience womb envy may respond: by compensating—constructing a realm of exclusively male activity, by revaluing—devaluing the functions specific to women and/or magnifying the functions specific to men, and by appropriation—taking control of female specific functions.[7] Luke attributes the coining of this term not to Horney, but to Eva Kittay. The first page of her 1984 article, Rereading Freud on 'Femininity' or Why Not Womb Envy?, [8] In it she poses the question of why there is not an concept analogous to penis envy and offers the term womb envy.[9] In Personality Theories, Barbara Engler discusses the often unconscious and indirect ways that womb envy manifests. "Womb envy, rather than being openly acknowledged by most males, has often taken subtle and indirect forms, such as rituals of taboo, isolation, and cleansing that have been frequently associated with menstruation and childbirth, the need to disparage women, accuse them of witchcraft, belittle their achievements and deny them equal rights."[10] Engler also refers to criticism of Horney's theory on the grounds that it equated womanhood with motherhood.[11] Discussing the limitations of Horney's broader psychological viewpoint, Bernardo J. Carducci points out the comparative lack of empirical evidence saying, "In comparison to other theorists..., Horney's work has generated very little empirical research among personality psychologists. Although her theoretical ideas were presented in a relatively straightforward manner, they have not stimulated much interest in others to investigate their validity. This may be in part due to the rejection of her ideas by the more traditional and influential Freudian tradition operating at the time."[12] In Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History (2000), historian Robert S. McElvaine extended Horney's argument that womb envy is a powerful, elementary factor in the psychological insecurity suffered by many men. He coined the term non-menstrual syndrome (NMS), denoting a man's possible insecurity before the biologic and reproductive traits of woman, saying womb envy may impel men to define their identities in opposition to women. Hence, men who are envious of women's reproductive traits insist that a "real man" must be "not-a-woman", seeking to socially dominate women—what they may or may not do in life—as psychological compensation for what men cannot do biologically.[13]

Vagina envy Vagina envy denotes the envy males may feel towards females for having a vagina. In Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality (1966), Hendrik Ruitenbeek relates vagina envy to men's desire to be able to give birth, urinate faster, masturbate in ways physically different from those available to men, and that such psychological envy might produce misogyny in neurotic men.[14] Moreover, in Vagina Envy in Men (1993), the physician Harold Tarpley elucidates the theoretic differences among the constructs of "vagina envy", "womb envy", "breast envy", and "parturition envy". These are emotions where in men suffer envy—"a grudging desire for another's excellence or advantage"—of women's female biologic capabilities of pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding, and of the social-role freedom to physically nurture children.[15}

Dr. Council's commments on main text: This is quite good as far as content is concerned, but you need to work on formatting. There are two main changes needed before you publish this in the Wikipedia main article space:

  1. You need to learn to do proper reference citations. There is plenty of help available in Wikipedia and the Wiki Ed course page / dashboard. Please take a few minutes and learn this important skill. If you use the drop-down menu in Edit mode, it is not difficult at all. This help page will get you started Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts.
  2. Break the main text into sections with titles. It is hard to read a solid block of text like this. See Wikipedia:Manual of Style

J.R. Council (talk) 20:16, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

Final lead:

Lead section:

In feminist psychology, the terms womb envy and vagina envy denote the anxiety that many men may feel caused by envy of the biological functions of the female sex (pregnancy, parturition, breastfeeding). The Neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed this theory as it was an innate male psychological trait. These emotions could fuel the social subordination of women, and drive men to succeed in other areas of life, such as business, law, and politics.[1][2][3] Each term is analogous to the concept of female penis envy, derived from the theory of psychosexual development, presented in Freudian psychology; they address the gender role social dynamics underlying the "envy and fascination with the female breasts and lactation, with pregnancy and childbearing, and vagina envy [that] are clues and signs of transsexualism and to a femininity complex of men, which is defended against by psychological and sociocultural means".[4] ~~Megan Shasky


This is a very good lead, except for some grammatical errors and clumsy wording. In the text above, I have put words that should be deleted in bold, and phrases that should be reworded in italics. Please continue to develop your article for Assignment 8 after you make these changes.

  • The last sentence is long and "run-on" - split it in two.
  • Also, the term referring to the subject of the article should appear first in the first sentence, and be bolded.
  • And learn how to properly sign your name. Four tildes ~~~~ in Edit source mode. J.R. Council (talk) 06:14, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

Lead section:

In feminist psychology, the terms womb envy and vagina envy denote the anxiety that many men may feel caused by envy of the biological functions of the female sex (pregnancy, parturition, breastfeeding). These emotions could fuel the social subordination of women, and drive men to succeed in other areas of life, such as business, law, and politics.[1][2][3] Each term is analogous to the concept of female penis envy, derived from the theory of psychosexual development, presented in Freudian psychology; they address the gender role social dynamics underlying the "envy and fascination with the female breasts and lactation, with pregnancy and childbearing, and vagina envy [that] are clues and signs of transsexualism and to a femininity complex of men, which is defended against by psychological and sociocultural means".[4] ~~Megan Shasky

Dr. Council's comments This looks good for a lead. However, you should add in a statement regarding notability. A reference to Karen Horney's work would do this. J.R. Council (talk) 00:52, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Sources: Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Karen Horney.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 Nov. 2018. Semmelhack, D. et al. “Womb Envy and Western Society: On the Devaluation of Nurturing in Psychotherapy and Society.” Europe’s Journal of Psychology 7.1 (2011): 164–186. Web.

Chicago/Turabian (16th edition) MLA (8th edition) Harvard Bayne, Emma. “Womb Envy: The Cause of Misogyny and Even Male Achievement?” Women’s Studies International Forum 34.2 (2011): 151–160. Web.

Outline:

(In feminist psychology, the terms womb envy and vagina envy denote the anxiety that many men may feel caused by envy of the biological functions of the female sex (pregnancy, parturition, breastfeeding). These emotions could fuel the social subordination of women, and drive men to succeed in other areas of life, such as business, law, and politics.[1][2][3] Each term is analogous to the concept of female penis envy, derived from the theory of psychosexual development, presented in Freudian psychology; they address the gender role social dynamics underlying the "envy and fascination with the female breasts and lactation, with pregnancy and childbearing, and vagina envy [that] are clues and signs of transsexualism and to a femininity complex of men, which is defended against by psychological and sociocultural means".[4])

Womb envy (Womb envy denotes the envy men may feel towards a woman's role in nurturing and sustaining life. In coining the term, the Neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney (1885–1952) proposed that men experience womb envy more powerfully than women experience penis envy, because "men need to disparage women more than women need to disparage men".[5] As a psychoanalyst, Horney considered womb envy a cultural, psychosocial tendency, like the concept of penis envy, rather than an innate male psychological trait.[1]) (Brian Luke, in his book Brutal: Manhood and the Exploitation of Animals,[6] discusses three ways in which men who experience womb envy may respond: by compensating—constructing a realm of exclusively male activity, by revaluing—devaluing the functions specific to women and/or magnifying the functions specific to men, and by appropriation—taking control of female specific functions.[7]) (Luke attributes the coining of this term not to Horney, but to Eva Kittay. The first page of her 1984 article, Rereading Freud on 'Femininity' or Why Not Womb Envy?, is available online.[8] In it she does pose the question of why there is not an concept analogous to penis envy and offers the term womb envy.[9]) (In Personality Theories, Barbara Engler discusses the often unconscious and indirect ways that womb envy manifests. "Womb envy, rather than being openly acknowledged by most males, has often taken subtle and indirect forms, such as rituals of taboo, isolation, and cleansing that have been frequently associated with menstruation and childbirth, the need to disparage women, accuse them of witchcraft, belittle their achievements and deny them equal rights."[10] Engler also refers to criticism of Horney's theory on the grounds that it equated womanhood with motherhood.[11]) (Discussing the limitations of Horney's broader psychological viewpoint, Bernardo J. Carducci points out the comparative lack of empirical evidence saying, "In comparison to other theorists..., Horney's work has generated very little empirical research among personality psychologists. Although her theoretical ideas were presented in a relatively straightforward manner, they have not stimulated much interest in others to investigate their validity. This may be in part due to the rejection of her ideas by the more traditional and influential Freudian tradition operating at the time."[12]) (In Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History (2000), historian Robert S. McElvaine extended Horney's argument that womb envy is a powerful, elementary factor in the psychological insecurity suffered by many men. He coined the term non-menstrual syndrome (NMS), denoting a man's possible insecurity before the biologic and reproductive traits of woman; thus, womb envy may impel men to define their identities in opposition to women. Hence, men who are envious of women's reproductive traits insist that a "real man" must be "not-a-woman", thus they may seek to socially dominate women—what they may or may not do in life—as psychological compensation for what men cannot do biologically.[13])

Vagina envy (Vagina envy denotes the envy males may feel towards females for having a vagina. In Psychoanalysis and Male Sexuality (1966), Hendrik Ruitenbeek relates vagina envy to men's desire to be able to give birth and to urinate (higher flow rate) and to masturbate in ways physically different from those available to men, and that such psychological envy might produce misogyny in neurotic men.[14] Moreover, in Vagina Envy in Men (1993), the physician Harold Tarpley elucidates the theoretic differences among the constructs of "vagina envy", "womb envy", "breast envy", and "parturition envy", emotions wherein men suffer envy—"a grudging desire for another's excellence or advantage"—of women's female biologic capabilities of pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding, and of the social-role freedom to physically nurture children.[15])

History Karen Horney studied medicine and first introduced the concept of womb envy.


To-Do list: -look to check for criticism pages to see if they are correct or more of an opinion -eliminate/filter through information that is more so pertaining to feminism and unrelated information to womb and vagina envy -include more information about vagina envy -clean up the introduction article -add a history section and other sections if finding more information that relates to it ~~Megan Shasky

Dr. Council's comments: Nkce job, Megan! J.R. Council (talk) 00:52, 1 April 2019 (UTC)

Can I get rid of a lot of information on my article, basically start the article over without Wikipedia getting mad?


No! That is not allowed. Work around what is already there. It's okay to edit if something is wrong, but don't just delete and paste in your own text.


What type of articles are you wanting us to use? Are they journal articles, books, scholarly, or can they be just online articles also?

You should only cite credible sources. Published articles are generally fine. Use your judgment with online material. J.R. Council (talk) 05:02, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Sorry about being late with this feedback. J.R. Council (talk) 05:02, 4 March 2019 (UTC)


This article needs a lot of cleaning up and organization of it. It needs to have a history section and examples of what it is. It has bad organization right now and not enough information. articles: Womb envy: The cause of misogyny and even male achievement? Womb envy: loss and grief of the maternal body. Silver, Catherine B; Silver, Catherine B (correspondence author) ; Silver, Catherine B (record owner) Psychoanalytic review, June 2007, Vol.94(3), pp.409-430 Meganshask (talk) 22:43, 22 February 2019 (UTC)Megan Shasky [1]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference undefined was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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