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Edits we're made to the following section of this article
Venezuelan equine encephalitis outbreaks
In the Americas, there has been 21 reported outbreaks of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus[1]. Outbreaks of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus occurred in Central American and South American countries. This virus was isolated in 1938, and outbreaks have been reported in many different countries since then. Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and the United States are just some of the countries that have reported outbreaks[2].
Outbreaks of VEEV generally occur after periods of heavy precipitation that cause mosquito populations to thrive[1].
Between December 1992 and January 1993, the Venezuelan state of Trujillo experienced an outbreak of this virus. Overall, 28 cases of the disease were reported along with 12 deaths. June 1993 saw a bigger outbreak, as 55 humans died as well as 66 equine deaths[citation needed].
A much larger outbreak in Venezuela and Colombia occurred in 1995. On May 23, 1995, equine encephalitis-like cases were reported in the northwest portion of the country. Eventually, the outbreak spread more towards the north as well as to the south. The outbreak caused about 11,390 febrile cases in humans as well as 16 deaths. About 500 equine cases were reported with 475 deaths[3].
An outbreak of this disease occurred on Colombia in September 1995. This outbreak resulted in 14,156 human cases that were attributable to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus with 26 human deaths[4]. A possible explanation for the serious outbreaks was the particularly heavy rain that had fallen. This could have caused increased numbers of mosquitoes that could serve as vectors for the disease. A more likely explanation is that deforestation caused a change in mosquito species. Culex taenopius mosquitos, which prefer rodents, were replaced by Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus mosquitos, which are more likely to bite humans and large equines.
Currently treatment of VEEV infection is mostly supportive because there are no specific drugs for alphaviruses. This has been moved to the vaccine section where it is more relevant.
Though the majority of VEEV outbreaks occur in Central and South America, the virus has the potential to outbreak again in the United States. It has been shown the invasive mosquito species Aedes_albopictus is a viable carrier of VEEV[4].
Vaccine
There is a vaccine containing the C-84 strain for VEEV that is used to immunize horses. Another vaccine containing the TC-83 strain is only used in humans in military and laboratory positions that risk contracting the virus. The human vaccine can result in side effects and does not fully immunize the patient. The TC-83 strain is generated by passing the virus 83 times through the heart cells of a guinea pig. C-84 is a derivative of TC-83[5]'.'
Currently treatment of VEEV infection is mostly supportive because there are no specific drugs for alphaviruses
There is currently a vaccine available for both humans and horses. The live attenuated vaccine known as TC-83 is a strain of VEEV that was passed 83 times in guinea pig heart cells. There is also an inactivated form of the vaccine known as C-84 derived from the TC-83 strain. Currently only the C-84 vaccine is licensed for use in horses in the U.S. although countries such as Mexico and Colombia still produce the live vaccine for horses.
In the U.S., only at risk military and laboratory personnel are vaccinated with the TC-83 strain and some receive C-84 boosters if initial vaccination did not produce sufficient immunity. The vaccine does have side effects that ranged from mild to moderate and did not provide full protection of nonhuman primates challenged by aerosol exposure the route of transmission most likely if VEEV were to be used in a biological terrorist attack.[medical citation needed]
This passage was directly plagiarized from a website ([1]) that references the slobodan article. The section has been reworded and the website has been cited. Even though the website is only a wiki, it uses scientific sources and is likely reliable.
Note for grading: everything in bold is my additions to the article.
The section of the article listed above was checked for plagiarism. Some sources were found (Beran, Acha) for existing information in the article and were added as citations. Weaver and Beaman were the sources I found independently.
One claim is in need of proper citation (indicated by the citation needed message within the text).
External links to Trujillo and Aedes Albopictus were added.
References
- ^ a b Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annual Review of Entomology. 2004;49:141–174.
- ^ Beran, George W. Handbook of zoonoses. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1994. Print.
- ^ Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: Pan American Health Organization, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office of the World Health Organization, 2001. Print.
- ^ a b Beaman JR, Turell MJ. 1991. Transmission of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus by Strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in North and South America. Journal of Medical Entomology. 28: 161-164.
- ^ "Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus".
2015 Louisiana floods
editFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 2015 Louisiana flood took place on June 11th, 2015. The river The Red_River_of_the_South flooded parts Shreveport, Louisiana and surrounding areas[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] The flood caused numerous road closures throughout Shreveport.[9]
The Red River reached its highest level in over 70 years during the flood. At 4pm on June 9th, the river reached its maximum height of 37.14 feet[8]
The most recent US Army Corps of Engineers study to characterize the flood patterns of the Red River was released in 1990, when the river last flooded. There are no current plans for another study.[10]
(Pre-publishing note: No plagiarism was found in the original article. Could not find any scientific sources on such a recent topic.)
 | This article about disaster management or a disaster is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- ^ "With homes underwater in Louisiana, recovery teams head out". msn.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ "Flooding in Louisiana sparks response from recovery teams - CBS News". cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ Reuters Editorial. "Floods sweep northwest Louisiana, damaging hundreds of structures | Reuters". reuters.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "GOHSEP Teams to Begin Damage Assessments in Northwest Louisiana". shreveporttimes.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ "Jindal travels to northwest Louisiana to view flooding | NOLA.com". nola.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ "With homes underwater in Louisiana, recovery teams head out - Washington Times". washingtontimes.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ "With homes underwater near Red River in rural Louisiana, state sends recovery teams out | Fox News". foxnews.com. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
- ^ a b "Red River Floods in Louisiana - River at Highest Levels for 70 Years - FloodList". floodlist.com. Richard Davies. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
- ^ Jones, Derrick (11 June 2015). "Shreveport Battles the Ravages of the Mighty Red". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
- ^ Gillis, Elsa. "Why were crest predictions for the 2015 flood so off?". ktbs.com. Retrieved 2015-09-14.