Chemistry Project
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gegen_Ion_Pairs.png/500px-Gegen_Ion_Pairs.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Carbenium_ion_initiation.png/400px-Carbenium_ion_initiation.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Heterocyclic_monomers.png/250px-Heterocyclic_monomers.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ionizing_radiation_initiation.png/400px-Ionizing_radiation_initiation.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Lewis_acid_initiation.png/400px-Lewis_acid_initiation.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Olefin_Reactivity.png/500px-Olefin_Reactivity.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Protic_acid_initiation.png/400px-Protic_acid_initiation.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Change_transfer_with_counter_ion.png/400px-Change_transfer_with_counter_ion.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Propagation_pathway2.png/400px-Propagation_pathway2.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Termination.png/400px-Termination.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Charge_transfer_with_monomer.png/400px-Charge_transfer_with_monomer.png)
Outline
Monomers
editOlefins
edit- Presence of an electron-donating group
- Example: isobutylene
Heterocyclic monomers
edit- Ring strain
- Examples: lactones, lactams, cyclic amines, and cyclic ethers
Solvents
edit- Gegen ion effects
- Polar versus nonpolar solvents
Synthesis
editInitiation
editClassical protonic acids/acid surfaces
edit- Nucleophilicity of the anion
- Examples: perchloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids
Lewis acids/Friedel-Crafts catalysts
edit- Examples of Lewis acids: metal halides and their organometallic derivatives
- Cocatalyst for Lewis acids
- Examples: water, hydrogen halides, and alcohols
Carbenium ion salts
edit- Direct addition
- Hydride extraction
- Electron transfer
Propagation
edit- Counterion effect on rate of propagation
- Counterion position in reaction
- Useful temperature (170-190 K)
Termination
editUnimolecular rearrangement
edit- Catalyst-cocatalyst complex regenerated
- Termination of the kinetic chain
Bimolecular transfer reactions
edit- Monomer-initiator complex regenerated
- No termination of the kinetic chain
Living Polymerization
edit- Link to living cationic polymerization Wiki page: Living cationic polymerization
Kinetics
edit- Steady-state conditions
Commercial Applications
edit- Examples: tackifiers, adhesives, sealants, moisture barriers, tubing