| Manudouz/sandbox/Tozzia | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Tribe: | Rhinantheae |
| Genus: | Tozzia |
| Species: | T. alpina
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| Binomial name | |
| Tozzia alpina | |
Tozzia alpina is the unique species of the plant genus Tozzia within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. While the plant in its young, vegetative stage is holoparasite, it becomes hemiparasite in its flowering stage. The originality of this species is therefore to combine half and full parasitism.[1][2][3]
Its chromosome number is 2n = 20. [4]
Description
editVegetative features
editTozzia alpina is a herbaceous, perennial plant, reaching heights of 10 to 50 centimetres (3.9 to 19.7 in). The quadrangular stem is hairless in the lower part, hairy on the edges in the middle and upper part. [3] The simple, bright green leaves are broad, ovate, serrate, with a length of 1 to 3.5 centimeters, a rounded or slightly heart-shaped basis, and a sharp upper end.[3]
Reproductive features
edit_IMG_7978.jpg)
The flowering period is from June to August. The hermaphroditic zygomorph flowers are organized into a raceme inflorescence. The bracts have a 3 to 10 millimeters long, thin, one-sided hairy stalk.[3] The fruit is spherical with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 millimeters. The seeds are almost spherical, smooth and white with a round black spot.[3]
Ecology
editThe alpine dragon is a geophyte. In the first year of its growth, Tozzia feeds as holoparasite on large-leaved herbaceous plants, such as species of the genera Rumex, Adenostyles and Petasites. As of the second year, it becomes a hemiparasite with its own assimilation, but still receives nutrients from the host plant.
It is a Mullbodenkriecher and a half-shade plant. Pollination is done by hovering. [4]
Occurrence
editThe distribution area of Tozzia alpina extends from the Pyrenees across the Alps to the Balkan and the Carpathians. [5]
The Alpine raven grows in Hochstaudenflur en, Butterbur companies and Grünerle n bushes. It is a character of the order Adenostyletalia in Central Europe and occurs especially in the Cicerbitetum. [4] It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 2600 meters. In the Allgäu Alps it rises at the Linkerskopf in Bavaria up to an altitude of 2200 meters. [6] It thrives on lime-rich and nutrient-rich, wet-fresh to moist [ [Clay]] - and clay soil. The Alpine raven prefers northern orientations (NW to NO - exposure), while southern layers are largely avoided. [1]
Phylogeny
editThe phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters.[7][8] Tozzia belongs to the core Rhinantheae. Tozzia is closely related to Odontites, Bellardia, and Hedbergia. In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with Euphrasia, and then with Bartsia.
| Cladogram: Genus-level phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae based on molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron and trnK region).[7][8] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Systematics
editThe first description of Tozzia alpina was made by Carl von Linné. The genus name Tozzia was given in 1729 by Pier Antonio Micheli. It is a taxonomic patronym in honor of Bruno Tozzi, a monk and later abbot of the monastery Vallombrosa at Reggello in Tuscany, who published in 1703 a work about Tuscan plant species.
The range of Tozzia alpina extends from the Pyrenees to the Alps to the Balkans and the Carpathians.[9]
Two subspecies have been described:[9]
- Tozzia alpina L. subsp. alpina, occurring in Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and former Yugoslavia ;
- Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica (Wolł.) Pawlł. (Syn: Tozzia carpathica Wolł.), occurring in Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.
References
edit- ^ a b Weber, Hans Christian (1973). "Zur Biologie von Tozzia alpina L. (Standort, Wirtspflanzen, Entwicklung, Parasitismus)". Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 49: 237–249. ISSN 0005-8041.
- ^ Weber, Hans Christian (1975). "Vergleichende Betrachtungen über die unterirdischen Organe von Lathraea squamaria L. und Tozzia alpina L. (Scrophulariaceae)". Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen. 51: 1–15. ISSN 0005-8041.
- ^ a b c d e Hartl, Dimitri (1975). Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa / Teil 1. (Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Globulariaceae, Plantaginaceae) (2., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. / hrsg. von Dimitri Hartl ed.). Berlin: Parey. ISBN 3489800206. OCLC 180568319.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Oberdorfer2001was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Euro + Medwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Dörr-Lippertwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Těšitel, Jakub; Říha, Pavel; Svobodová, Šárka; Malinová, Tamara; Štech, Milan (2010-10-28). "Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (4): 347–367. doi:10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y. ISSN 1211-9520.
- ^ a b Scheunert, Agnes; Fleischmann, Andreas; Olano-Marín, Catalina; Bräuchler, Christian; Heubl, Günther (2012-12-14). "Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts". Taxon. 61 (6): 1269–1285.
- ^ a b Marhold, Karol (2011). Datenblatt Tozzia alpina "Scrophulariaceae". Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
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