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History
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Early concepts of built environment date to Classical Antiquity: Hippodamus of Miletos, known as the "father of urban planning"[by whom?], developed Greek cities from 498 BC to 408 BC that created order by using grid plans that mapped the city.[1] These early city plans eventually gave way to the City Beautiful movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s, inspired by Daniel Hudson Burnham, a reformist for the Progressivism movement who actively promoted "a reform of the landscape in tandem with political change."[2] The effort was in partnership with others who believed that beautifying American cities would improve the moral compass of the cities and encourage the upper class to spend their money in cities. This beautification process included parks and architectural design.[3] By mid-century modernist "indifferent" design influenced the character of work and public spaces, followed by what Alexander describes as a late twentieth century "revival of interest relating to the concept of place (including the built environment), and its relevance to mental health and other fields of study."[4]
- ^ Burns, Alfred (1976). "Hippodamus and the Planned City". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 25 (4): 414–428. ISSN 0018-2311.
- ^ "The City Beautiful Movement". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ "Architecture: The City Beautiful Movement". Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ Alexander, Donald (2008). "Physical determinism, modernism and mental health". Environments. 35 (3). hdl:10613/2722.