Ketamine is a short-acting, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.[1] It was discovered by Parke-Davis Labs and Dr. Calvin Lee Stevens in 1962 during research into derivatives of phencyclidine (PCP).[2] It was first used clinically as a veterinary anesthetic. Edward Domino administered the first dose of ketamine to a human in the year 1964. Soon after, Parke-Davis filed a patent for the utilization of the anesthetic.[3][4] Given its hallucinogenic properties, interest rapidly rose in the possibility of broader avenues of application, including within the field of psychiatry as a treatment for depression, substance use dependence, and more.[5] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved the use of intranasal esketamine (Spravato)—an enantiomer of ketamine—for the use of ketamine-derived therapy for treatment-resistant depression, in 2019.[6] Ketamine is currently one of the two injected general anaesthetics that the World Health Organisation includes in its Model List of Essential Medicines.
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edit- ^ Drozdz, Sandra J; Goel, Akash; McGarr, Matthew W; Katz, Joel; Ritvo, Paul; Mattina, Gabriella F; Bhat, Venkat; Diep, Calvin; Ladha, Karim S (2022-12-31). "Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Narrative Review of the Literature". Journal of Pain Research. 15: 1691–1706. doi:10.2147/JPR.S360733. PMC 9207256. PMID 35734507.
- ^ Mathai, David S.; Mora, Victoria; Garcia-Romeu, Albert (2022). "Toward Synergies of Ketamine and Psychotherapy". Frontiers in Psychology. 13: 868103. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868103. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8992793. PMID 35401323.
- ^ "History of Ketamine". TD Consultancy. Retrieved 2023-12-05.
- ^ Le Daré, B.; Pelletier, R.; Morel, I.; Gicquel, T. (2022-01). "[History of Ketamine: An ancient molecule that is still popular today]". Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises. 80 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2021.04.005. ISSN 0003-4509. PMID 33915159.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dore, Jennifer; Turnipseed, Brent; Dwyer, Shannon; Turnipseed, Andrea; Andries, Julane; Ascani, German; Monnette, Celeste; Huidekoper, Angela; Strauss, Nicole; Wolfson, Phil (2019-03-15). "Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP): Patient Demographics, Clinical Data and Outcomes in Three Large Practices Administering Ketamine with Psychotherapy". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 51 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1080/02791072.2019.1587556. ISSN 0279-1072. PMID 30917760. S2CID 85543704.
- ^ Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (2022-02-16). "FDA alerts health care professionals of potential risks associated with compounded ketamine nasal spray". FDA.