south america
South America
editIt is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It includes twelve sovereign states – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana,Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela – and two non-sovereign areas –French Guiana, an overseas department of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Territory (though disputed by Argentina). In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands and Trinidad and Tobago may also be considered part of South America.
Most of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and large lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco, andParaná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics
South America is home to the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the highest single drop waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana; the largest river (by volume), the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m [22,841 ft]); the driest non-polar place on earth, theAtacama Desert;[9][10][11] the largest rainforest, the Amazon Rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile.
Traditionally, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Trinidad, Tobago, and the federal dependencies of Venezuela sit on the northerly South American continental shelf and are often considered part of the continent. Geo-politically, the island states and overseas territories of the Caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of North America, since they are more distant on the Caribbean Plate, even though San Andres and Providencia are politically part of Colombia and Aves Island is controlled by Venezuela.
The first evidence for the existence of the human race in South America dates back to about 9000 BC, when squashes, chili peppers and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the Amazon Basin. Pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple food today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 BC.By 2000 BC, many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society
The treaty established an imaginary line along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, roughly 46° 37' W. In terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line (known to comprise most of the South American soil) would belong to Spain, and all land to the east, to Portugal. As accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian.
The independence of South America was secured by Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) and José de San Martín (Argentina), the two most important Libertadores. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army southward towards Lima, the capital of theViceroyalty of Peru. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. The two armies finally met in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where they cornered the Royal Army of the Spanish Crown and forced its surrender.In the Portuguese kingdom of Brazil and Algarve, Dom Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal), son of the Portuguese King Dom João VI, proclaimed the independent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822, which later became the Empire of Brazil. Despite the Portuguese loyalties of garrisons in Bahia and Pará, independence was diplomatically accepted by the crown in Portugal, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil.
Colombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of Marxist guerrillas (FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced FARC. These leftist groups smuggle narcotics out of Colombia to fund their operations, while also using kidnapping, bombings, land mines and assassinations as weapons against both elected and non-elected citizens.
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| Argentina | 2,766,890 km2(1,068,300 sq mi) | 40,482,000 | 14.3/km² (37/sq mi) | Buenos Aires |
| Bolivia | 1,098,580 km2(424,160 sq mi) | 9,863,000 | 8.4/km² (21.8/sq mi) | La Paz andSucre[21] |
| Brazil | 8,514,877 km2(3,287,612 sq mi) | 202,241,714 | 22.0/km² (57/sq mi) | Brasília |
| Chile[22] | 756,950 km2(292,260 sq mi) | 16,928,873 | 22/km² (57/sq mi) | Santiago |
| Colombia | 1,141,748 km2(440,831 sq mi) | 46,920,000 | 40/km² (103.6/sq mi) | Bogotá |
| Ecuador | 283,560 km2(109,480 sq mi) | 14,573,101 | 53.8/km² (139.3/sq mi) | Quito |
| Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)[23] | 12,173 km2(4,700 sq mi) | 3,140[24] | 0.26/km² (0.7/sq mi) | Stanley |
| French Guiana (France) | 91,000 km2(35,000 sq mi) | 221,500[25] | 2.7/km² (5.4/sq mi) | Cayenne(Préfecture) |
| Guyana | 214,999 km2(83,012 sq mi) | 772,298 | 3.5/km² (9.1/sq mi) | Georgetown |
| Paraguay | 406,750 km2(157,050 sq mi) | 6,831,306 | 15.6/km² (40.4/sq mi) | Asunción |
| Peru | 1,285,220 km2(496,230 sq mi) | 29,132,013 | 22/km² (57/sq mi) | Lima |
| South Georgia and
South Sandwich Islands(United Kingdom)[26] |
3,093 km2(1,194 sq mi) | 20 | 0/km² (0/sq mi) | King Edward Point[27] |
| Suriname | 163,270 km2(63,040 sq mi) | 472,000 | 3/km² (7.8/sq mi) | Paramaribo |
| Uruguay | 176,220 km2(68,040 sq mi) | 3,477,780 | 19.4/km² (50.2/sq mi) | Montevideo |
| Venezuela | 916,445 km2(353,841 sq mi) | 31,648,930 | 30.2/km² (72/sq mi) | Caracas |
| Total | 17,824,513 | 385,742,554 | 21.5/km² |
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