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The Soviet Union used its disenfranchisement of European Imperialism to show economic cooperation with the Arab World during the Cold War. Along with Soviet influence in the Middle East inciting proxy conflicts among the Arab states, and their Jewish neighbors. The Superpowers interacted with each other using their proxy nations, which also played a part in their rivalries and factored into why the Soviet Union was omitted from the Camp David Accords which created a lasting Middle East Peace Treaty.   

Interconnection of Petroleum, Nationalism, and Religion

Lu, Lingyu, and Cameron G. Thies. "War, Rivalry, and State Building in the Middle East." Political Research Quarterly 66, no. 2 (2013): 239-53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23563141.

Authors Lu and Thies explain the interconnection of petroleum, nationalism, religion and political mistrust that form the basis of the modern Arab world. They go into depth explaining how the differing factors affect the region, and how this is both strength and weakness. The authors explain how the Arabs use their resources to maintain their cultural identity.

Issawi, Charles. "Oil and Middle East Politics." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 31, no. 2 (1973): 111-22. doi:10.2307/1173574.

Issawi give insight into the effect that oil plays in World Politics, and how the creation of OPEC leads to Arab stability, and moves them out of either the Communist or Capitalist spheres as they play both sides of the fence. The act of fence sitting allows the Arabs to gain economic power over both the West and the Soviets, while losing nothing and gaining everything.

Social Tension in the Middle East

Lengyel, Emil. "Social Tensions in the Middle East." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 276 (1951): 28-34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1027657.

Lengyel demonstrates how the Arab world deals with social tensions, and how the Soviets use this to drive wedges between the Arabs and the West. He explains why the Middle East is relevant to the rest of the world, besides supplying petroleum.

Grady, Henry Francis. "Tensions in the Middle East with Particular Reference to Iran." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 24, no. 4 (1952): 114-21. doi:10.2307/1173511.

Grady explains how Arab Nationalism has affected relations between Arabs and Iranians due not it not being colonized by Western Powers, who then view it as a buffer state with Russia, and how Iran continues to maintain its status as the buffer between the Arab World and the Russian economic and military machine. Iran was never colonized, as were most of the Arabian countries after the Ottoman Empire is broken up after World War One and Grady goes on to explain how the Iranians used this to become treated as equals to the Europeans.

Soviet Policy

Soviet Policy in the Middle East." Journal of Palestine Studies 9, no. 1 (1979): 161-64. doi:10.2307/2536332.

Soviet policy in the Middle East from the Arab perspective is how this question and answer session is presented, and it presents how the Arabs, specifically Palestinian Arabs view the Soviet Diplomatic Corps. The Arabs view the Soviets as anti-imperialistic since the Russian Revolution overthrows their monarchy, but after the Arab setbacks after the Arab-Israeli wars they see the Soviets as bureaucrats who are working in the best interest of the Soviets, and not for the Arabs.

G. E. Wheeler. "Russia and the Middle East." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 35, no. 3 (1959): 295-304. doi:10.2307/2612281.

Wheeler gives background into the history behind Russia and the Middle East focusing on their rivalry with the Turks, mistrust of the Persians, and the Afghanistan conflict. He explains how the Russians are inconsistent with their Middle Eastern policies and this causes them to be seen as untrustworthy by the Arabs. The inconsistency of the Soviets, along with their weapons not having the same robustness of the Western ones are the main reasons that the Arabs distance themselves from Moscow and return to the West.

Reedman, Robert O. "Patterns of Soviet Policy toward the Middle East." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 482 (1985): 40-64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1046382

Reedman gives background into the inconstancies of the relationship between Moscow and Arabia, by focusing on the question of "is Moscow on the offensive, or defensive in the region." He gives further proof of the lackluster feelings toward expanding communism into the area, as the Soviets try to slow if not stop the flow of Arab petroleum into the dependant West.

"Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence." Journal of Palestine Studies 5, no. 3/4 (1976): 241-47. doi:10.2307/2536039.

The article gives the post 1967 Soviet transition from minor to major player in the Middle East as its proxy countries drag it deeper into Middle Eastern political intrigue. The Soviets become mired down in the Middle East, as they give continued support to their Arab allies in their struggle with the Israelis for territory taken by the Israelis during the numerous conflicts between them.

Freedman, Robert O. "Patterns of Soviet Policy toward the Middle East." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 482 (1985): 40-64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1046382.

Freedman explains how the post 1973 Soviet policy on the Middle East is that of reactionary, and how they use their client states to act out their aggressions with the West, specifically the Iran-Iraq War. The Soviets act as both instigator and neighborhood bully in the Middle East, as they see the region as a place under conflicting viewpoints and they intercede in order to keep the tensions built up as a distraction to the West.

Smolansky, Oles M. The Soviet Union and The Arab East Under Khrushchev. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Press, 1974.

Smolansky writes about the effects of Soviet foreign policy on the Middle East, with emphasis on the Arab nations and their interaction with the West. Moscow id hot and cold on the Middle East, as they see little use for the area other than to distract the Washington away from Europe, specifically Berlin during the early part of the cold War. fro

Soviet-Arab Relationship

Badeau, John S. "Internal Contest in the Middle East." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 29, no. 3 (1969): 170-86. doi:10.2307/1173196.

Badeau gives background on the Soviet-American relationship with the Arabs in the post World War Two world.

Build up to Camp David

Smolansky, O. M. "The United States and the Soviet Union in the Middle East." Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 33, no. 1 (1978): 99-109. doi:10.2307/1173976.

Smolansky gives background into the Arab-Israeli peace process, specifically what part would the Soviet Union play in the process, and how would the West convince them to perform it. The Soviets are reluctant to join the American backed peace movement, as they want the West divided, yet want a nuclear arms treaty with America as the arms race is beginning to bankrupt the Soviet Union.

Hunter, Robert E. "In the Middle in the Middle East." Foreign Policy, no. 5 (1971): 137-50. doi:10.2307/1147724.

Hunter explains the complex American, European, Soviet, Arab, and Jewish political interactions, as each side realises that both superpowers are in the Middle East for the long haul and how this interaction affects the rest of the world. The strained relations between each party shows when the initial negotiations become stalled, and then become tied up in the American-North Vietnamese peace negotiations.

Middle Eastern Shuttle Diplomacy

Kissinger, Henry. "White House Years." In White House Years, by Henry Kissinger, 340-631, 1258-1300. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979.

Kissinger discusses his role in the Middle Eastern Peace Talks from his insider position as NAtional Security Advisor to President Nixon. HE explains the reasons behind the need to pull out of Vietnam, becoming more involved with the Middle East, how Nixon used the Chinese against the Soviets to start the path to ending the Cold War. Kissinger's insider position gives him access to the major and minor players in the diplomatic scene.

Kissinger, Henry. "Years of Upheaval." In Years of Upheaval , by Henry Kissinger, 195-227, 450-677, 747-895, 935-1214. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982.

Kissinger talks about his role brokering the peace between the Arabs and Israelis, along with his role in ending the Nuclear arms race. Kissinger's role as secretary of state puts him in the unique role of being the right man in the right place to bring the arabs and Israelis together at the bargaining table to create a lasting peace in the Middle East.

Nixon, Richard. "The Memoirs of Richard Nixon." In The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, by Richard Nixon, 297-1015. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.

Nixon uses his position as President of the United States to become in his mind the greatest president of the 2oth Century, possibly of all time. Nixon hit many balls out of the ballpark, such as ending Vietnam, brokering the first nuclear arms treaty and opening up China to American trade will always be overshadowed by his involvement in Watergate, which is a shame as he has the most foreign experience of the prior 2 presidents.

Middle East after the camp David Accords

Lawson, Fred. "The Reagan Administration in the Middle East." MERIP Reports, no. 128 (1984): 27-34. doi:10.2307/3011188.

Lawson shows how the United States dealt with Soviet influence in the Middle East, through diplomatic maneuvering in the post Middle Eastern Peace Accord world. He shows how economic sanctions provide both stability and instability in the Arab world.

Lieven, Dominic. "Western Scholarship on the Rise and Fall of the Soviet Regime: The View from 1993." Journal of Contemporary History 29, no. 2 (1994): 195-227. http://www.jstor.org/stable/260888.

Lieven writes on how the World changes in the post Cold War polarization into the regional conflicts faced in the 21st Century. The lack of two Superpowers destabilizes entire regions as the pressure relieving and limited scope proxy conflicts turn into unlimited conflict bordering on genocide.

United Nations and Disimperialism

Hurewitz, J. C. "The UN and Disimperialism in the Middle East." International Organization 19, no. 3 (1965): 749-63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2705880.

Hurewitz writes about how the Middle East goes from being an afterthought of the United Nations Security Council, into the main focus for several years eventually becoming the main agenda point surpassing the European powers.