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The Dargin script is a script used to write the Dargin literary language. During its existence, it functioned on different graphic bases and was repeatedly reformed. At present, the Dargin script operates in the Cyrillic alphabet. In the history of Dargin writing, the following stages are distinguished:

  • XV century - 1928 - writing based on the Arabic alphabet;
  • 1860s - 1910s - writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet (in parallel with Arabic);
  • 1928-1938 - Latin-based writing;
  • Since 1938 it has been a modern writing system based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

Arabic alphabet edit

 
A page of the Dargin manuscript of 1908.

The oldest monuments of Dargin writing are notes in the margins of Arabic manuscripts, dating from the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. Thus, in the manuscript "Minhaj al-'Abidin" (1494-1497), the scribe Idris, the son of Ahmad of Akusha in the margins and between the lines, more than a thousand Dargin words and expressions were written in Arabic script. Also, a large volume of Dargin words is recorded in the margins of the manuscript "Ihya Ulum ad-Din" (1506-1507), copied by the same Idris. To adapt the Arabic alphabet, Idris created three new letters, adding diacritics to the existing signs. With the help of these 3 letters, he denoted 6 specific sounds of the Dargin language. The vowel sounds of the Dargin language in these manuscripts are indicated by vowel icons[1]

Later Dargin manuscripts, written in the Arabic alphabet, use a similar graphic system. But the use of certain letters by different authors in different works was inconsistent. In addition, usually one Arabic letter was used to denote several Dargin sounds at once: ک for [k], [kӀ], [g], ق for [kъ], [кь], [хъ], چ for [ч] and [чӀ], ڤ for [хь] and [г], ژ for [ц], [цӀ] and [dz], etc. In this form, the Arabic-based Dargin alphabet was used until the 1920s[1][2]

In 1920, the Dargin alphabet on an Arabic graphic basis was reformed and brought closer to the needs of Dargin phonetics by S. Omarov. Since 1921, the newspaper "Dargan" began to be published on it, as well as other publications[3]  By 1928, the Arabic-based Dargin alphabet looked like this[4][5]:

آ ا ا۠ ب پ ت ر ز ڗ ژ د ح ج خ ڃ چ څ س ش ڝ
ڞ ع غ ڠ ف ڣ ق و وٓ ه ﻫ ل ى ن ک ࢰ گ ݤ ط م

Uslar's alphabet edit

 
Dargin alphabet by P. K. Uslar
 
Dargin alphabet from the primer of 1911

In the 1860s, after the annexation of Dagestan to the Russian Empire, the ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar compiled the first Dargin grammar (published in 1892 in the series "Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание" under the title "Хюркилинский язык"). In this grammar, a modified Cyrillic alphabet was used with the addition of several Latin and Georgian letters. In 1911, on a slightly modified version of this alphabet in Tiflis, the primer "Даргилла алипуне wа луђисне жуж"  This alphabet did not receive further development.

Latin alphabet edit

Despite the centuries-old existence of the Arabic alphabet among the Dargins, the percentage of literate people by the mid-1920s was only 4.9%. In 1923, at a conference of Muslim peoples in Pyatigorsk, the question of the transition of the Dagestani languages to the Latin alphabet was raised. However, at that time this question was considered premature. It was raised again in 1926. In February 1928, the 2nd Joint Plenum of the Regional Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic set the task of developing Latinized alphabets for the peoples of the republic, including the Dargins. In the same year, the alphabet was compiled and approved. According to the decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, from October 1, 1930, the Latinized Dargin alphabet became the only one permissible for use in all official spheres  The literary language was based on the Akushin dialect

The first version of the Dargin Latinized alphabet did not have capital letters and looked like this: a, b, c, ꞓ, ç, d, e, ә, f, g, ǥ, ƣ, h, ⱨ, ħ, i, j, k, ⱪ, l, m, n, o, p,  , q, ꝗ, r, s, ş, s̷, t,  , u, v, x, ҳ, ӿ, z, ⱬ, ƶ,  , ’. In 1930, at the First Dagestan Spelling Conference, the basics of spelling were developed for the Dargin literary language, and in 1932 the alphabet was reformed - capital letters were introduced and the letters ꞓ, ǥ,   were excluded. As a result, the alphabet took the following form:

A a B b L L Ç ç D d E e Ә ә F f G g Ƣ ƣ
H h Ⱨ ⱨ Ħ ħ I i J j K k Ⱪ ⱪ L l M m N n
O o P p Q q Ꝗ ꝗ R r S s Ş ş S̷ s̷ T t T̨ t̨
U u V v X x Ҳ ҳ Ӿ ӿ Z z Ⱬ ⱬ Ƶ ƶ     Ӡ ӡ

This alphabet was used until 1938.

Modern alphabet edit

In 1938, the Dargin alphabet, like most other alphabets of the peoples of the USSR, was transferred to the Cyrillic graphic basis. On February 14, 1938, the approved draft alphabet was published in the newspaper Dagestanskaya Pravda  At the same time, a set of spelling rules was compiled, later revised in 1940 and 1948-1950  In December 1952, at a scientific session of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, it was proposed to introduce the letters Аь аь (wide glottized vowel), ЗӀ зӀ (voiced affricate dz) and ПӀ пӀ (bow-laryngeal plosive consonant) into the Dargin alphabet, but this idea was rejected . Later, the letter ПӀ пӀ was nevertheless introduced into the Dargin alphabet.

Currently, the Dargin alphabet looks like this:

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГӀ гӀ Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з
И и Й й К к Кк кк Къ къ Къкъ къкъ Кь кь КӀ кӀ Л л М м Н н О о
П п Пп пп ПӀ пӀ Р р С с Сс сс Т т Тт тт ТӀ тӀ У у Ф ф Х х
Хх хх Хъ хъ Хь хь Хьхь хьхь ХӀ хӀ Ц ц Цц цц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чч чч ЧӀ чӀ Ш ш
Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

The letters Ё ё, О, о, Ы, ы, ь (outside digraphs) and Ф ф are found only in borrowings (the only non-borrowed Dargin word with the letter ф is уфикӀес 'to blow'). In addition to the sounds [z], [ʒ], the letters Z, z and Zh zh also denote the affricates [dz] and [dʒ].

Alphabet correspondence table edit

Compiled by:

Modern

alphabet

Latin alphabet

1930s

Uslar Alphabet Arabic

(1920–1928)

Arabic

(before 1920)

IPA
А а A a а ا ,آ آ a
Б б B b б ب b
В в V v w و w
Г г G g г گ ڮ g
Гъ гъ Ƣ ƣ ӷ غ ʁ
Гь гь H h h ﻬ h
ГӀ гӀ Ⱨ ⱨ ꜧ ع ʕ
Д д D d д د d
Е е E e, je e اه - e, je
Ё ё - ɵ
Ж ж Ƶ ƶ ж ژ ج ʒ
З з Z z з ز z
И и I i i اى - i
Й й J j j ى ي j
К к K k кᷱ ک k
Къ къ Q q к ڠ ق q:
Кь кь Ꝗ ꝗ q ق qʼ
КӀ кӀ Ⱪ ⱪ қ گ kʼ
Л л L l л ل l
М м M m м م m
Н н N n н ن n
О о O o о او - o
П п P p п پ ف p
ПӀ пӀ[комм. 1]  [комм. 2] ԥ ڢ ب pʼ
Р р R r р ر r
С с S s с س s
Т т T t т ت t
ТӀ тӀ T̨ t̨ ҭ ط t’
У у U u у او و u
Ф ф F f - ف f
Х х X x х خ χ
Хъ хъ Ӿ ӿ k څ ق q
Хь хь Ҳ ҳ   ݤ x:
ХӀ хӀ Ħ ħ   ح ћ
Ц ц S̷ s̷ ц ڝ ژ ʦ
ЦӀ цӀ Ⱬ ⱬ წ ڗ ژ ʦ’
Ч ч C c ч چ tʃ
ЧӀ чӀ Ç ç ჭ ج چ ʧ’
Ш ш Ş ş ш ش ʃ
Щ щ şş - ʃː
Ъ ъ - ء - ʔ
Ы ы - ɨ
Ь ь -
Э э E e - اه - e
Ю ю ju - ju
Я я Ә ә, ja œ أ - ja
-     ђ ڞ - t͡s
- Ӡ ӡ -
- ꞓ[комм. 2] - ڃ چ
- ǥ[комм. 2] гᷱ ݢ -

Kaitag and Kubachi script edit

The Kaitag and Kubachi languages are often regarded as dialects of the Dargin language. In the XVI-XIX centuries, a number of manuscripts made in the Arabic alphabet were written in these languages  An official writing system has never been created for them, but it is known that in private correspondence the Kubachi people use the Dargin alphabet  Since 1994, book publishing began in the Kubachi language (mainly collections of folklore, as well as a number of dictionaries, phrasebooks and educational literature). In 2002, the Russian-Kubachi phrasebook was published, which uses the Dargin alphabet without the letter ПӀ пӀ. In the Kubachi phrasebook of 2021, another version of the alphabet is given:

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГӀ гӀ Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з
И и Й й К к Кк кк Къ къ Къкъ къкъ Кь кь КӀ кӀ Л л М м Н н О о
П п Пп пп ПӀ пӀ Р р С с Сс сс Т т Тт тт ТӀ тӀ У у Ф ф Х х
Хх хх Хъ хъ Хь хь Хьхь хьхь ХӀ хӀ Ц ц Цц цц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чч чч ЧӀ чӀ Ш ш
Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я

In 2020, U. Hasanova published a Russian-Kaitag phrasebook, according to which the Kaitag alphabet is as follows:

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГӀ гӀ Д д Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з
И и Й й К к Кк кк Къ къ Кь кь КӀ кӀ Л л М м Н н О о П п
Пп пп ПӀ пӀ Р р С с Т т Тт тт ТӀ тӀ У у Ф ф Х х Хх хх Хъ хъ
Хь хь Хьхь хьхь ХӀ хӀ Ц ц Цц цц ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чч чч ЧӀ чӀ Ш ш Шш шш Щ щ
Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я
  1. ^ a b А. А. Исаев, С. Я. Магдиев, Д. М. Маламагомедов, Г. М.-Р. Оразаев (2008). Каталог рукописей и фрагментарных записей на языках народов Дагестана, хранящихся в Рукописном фонде ДНЦ РАН. Махачкала.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Archived 2016-04-17 at the Wayback Machine "Архивированная копия". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2015-10-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ А. А. Исаев (1970). "О формировании и развитии письменности народов Дагестана". Социологический сборник. Махачкала. pp. 173–232. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |выпуск= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Литературы народов России: XX в.: словарь (1100 экз ed.). М.: Наука. 2005. pp. 86–89. ISBN 5-02-010208-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "Новый алфавит для народностей Дагестана". Культура и письменность Востока. Баку. 1928. pp. 176–177. Archived from the original on 2022-04-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |выпуск= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Р. Чупанов (1927). Наша сила - совет. Букварь для взрослых на даргинском языке. Махач-Кала: Дагполитпросвет. p. 28.


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