 | This is a user sandbox of Jdavid06. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
Paragraph: This helps you set the style of the text. For example, a header, or plain paragraph text. You can also use it to offset block quotes.
editA : Highlight your text, then click here to format it with bold, italics, etc. The "More" options allows you to underline, add code snippets, and change language keyboards.
Links: The chain button allows you to link your text. Highlight the word, and push the button. The visual editor will automatically suggest related Wikipedia articles for that word or phrase. This is a great way to connect your article to more Wikipedia content. You only have to link important words once, usually during the first time they appear. If you want to link to pages outside of Wikipedia (for an "external links" section, for example) click on the "External link" tab.
Cite: The citation tool in the visual editor helps format your citations. You can simply paste a DOI or URL, and the visual editor will try to sort out all of the fields you need. Be sure to review it, however, and apply missing fields manually (if you know them). You can also add books, journals, news, and websites manually. That opens up a quick guide for inputting your citations. Finally, you can click the "re-use" tab if you've already added a source and just want to cite it again.
- Bullets: To add bullet points or a numbered list, click here
Insert: This tab lets you add media, images, or tables.
Ωəʃ The final tab allows you to add special characters, such as those found in non-English words, scientific notation, and a handful of language extensions.
I am a student at McGill University[1]
Spasmodic Dysphonia: Article edits
editThere are many sections of the Spasmodic Dysphonia article that could benefit from additional information from updated sources. I plan to contribute to the section on diagnosis, including more information on diagnostic procedure, differential diagnosis, and the current challenges related to diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia. This article also does not include very much information on signs and symptoms of this voice disorder, and could benefit from additional information in this area. I have collected some possible sources as well [2],[3],[4] Jdavid06 (talk) 20:13, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
Spasmodic Dysphonia: Diagnosis (for editing)
editDiagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia requires a multidisciplinary team and consideration of both perceptual and physiological factors[4]. There is currently no universally accepted diagnostic test for spasmodic dysphonia, which presents a challenge for diagnosis[2]. Additionally, diagnostic criteria have not been agreed upon as the distinguishing features of this disorder have not been well-characterized[2][4]. Because spasmodic dysphonia shares many characteristics with other voice disorders, misdiagnosis frequently occurs. A common misdiagnosis is muscle tension dysphonia, a functional voice disorder which results from use of the voice, rather than a structural abnormality[2][4]. Differential diagnosis is particularly important for determining appropriate interventions, as the type and cause of the disorder have an impact on the most effective treatment[2]. Differences in treatment effectiveness are present even between the types of spasmodic dysphonia[2]. Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia is often delayed due to these challenges, which in turn presents difficulties in choosing the proper interventions[2][4].
A team of professionals including a speech-language pathologist, an otolaryngologist, and a neurologist, is typically involved in spasmodic dysphonia assessment and diagnosis[5]. The speech-language pathologist conducts a speech assessment including case history questions to gather information about voice use and symptoms[4]. This is followed by clinical observation of voice characteristics such as voice breaks or strain, which are selectively present in normal speech over other voice activities such as whispering or laughing[4]. Symptoms also vary across types of spasmodic dysphonia[2]. For example, voiced sounds are more affected in adductor spasmodic dysphonia, while unvoiced sounds are more affected in abductor spasmodic dysphonia[2]. Following speech assessment, the otolaryngologist conducts a transnasal laryngoscopy to view the vocal folds and activity of the muscles controlling them in order to eliminate other possible causes of the voice disorder[4]. In spasmodic dysphonia, producing long vowels or speaking sentences results in muscle spasms which are not observed during other vocal activities such as coughing, breathing, or whispering[4]. To evaluate the individual for any other neurological problems, this examination is followed up with an assessment by the neurologist[5].
Notes
edit- ^ "McGill University". Wikipedia. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Whurr, Renata; Lorch, Marjorie (June 2016). "Review of differential diagnosis and management of spasmodic dysphonia". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 24 (3): 203–207. doi:10.1097/MOO.0000000000000253.
- ^ Hintze, Justin M.; Ludlow, Christy L.; Bansberg, Stephen F.; Adler, Charles H.; Lott, David G. (29 August 2017). "Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Review. Part 1: Pathogenic Factors". Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: 019459981772852. doi:10.1177/0194599817728521.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hintze, Justin M.; Ludlow, Christy L.; Bansberg, Stephen F.; Adler, Charles H.; Lott, David G. (29 August 2017). "Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Review. Part 2: Characterization of Pathophysiology". Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: 019459981772846. doi:10.1177/0194599817728465.
- ^ a b "Spasmodic Dysphonia". www.asha.org. Retrieved 2017-11-05.