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Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States
Resources
edit"Hurdling" Gender Identity Discrimination: The Implications of States Participation Policies On Transgender Youth Athletes' Ability To Thrive[1]
Man Enough to Be a Woman[2]
The Trans Athlete Dilemma: A Constitutional Analysis of High School Transgender Student-Athlete Policies[3]
Gender Discrimination in Sport in the 21st Century: A Commentary on Trans-Athlete Exclusion in Canada from a Sociohistorical Perspective[4]
Ethical Issues Concerning Transgender Athletes[5]
How Should High School Define Sexes For Transgender Athletes?[6]
Part of Article to Edit
editAll from Article Transgender people in sports
Summary:
editI would like to add in a section about the Iron Ladies, a Thailand volleyball team because the article needs more examples of transgender people in sports outside the US. I also would like to expand on the United States section of secondary education. Each state; has made their own choices on regulations regarding transgender people in sports in lots of information about policy in secondary education (high schools in the US) because there was not much detail about policies per state, and how trans athletes were being included.
Other[edit]
editIn 1996 the Iron Ladies, a men's volleyball team made up of gay and transgender men from Thailand, won the national championship. The Iron Ladies were not allowed to join Thailand's national volleyball team because of the way they dressed.[7]
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: information about transgender children and sports in other countries. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016) |
United States
editThere are no rules federally to regulate inclusion of transgender children.[1] States vary widely on participation of transgender children in sports and which locker room those students should use. Opponents of including transgender athletes emphasize the argument that there may be an unfair advantage of larger size and strength in trans women, and trans athletes could threaten the safety of cisgender children, both in competition and in the locker room.[8] Advocates in favor of allowing transgender children to participate in sports based on their preferred gender point out the known benefits of participating in sports and the psychological well-being of the transgender children.[9] Many states have tried to mimic the NCAA and IOC rules that rely on testosterone level tests to determine when a transgender male can participate in sports competitions. These kinds of rules are more difficult to enforce in secondary education because of the lack of resources to test testosterone levels, and medical professionals are often hesitant to prescribe minors hormones.[1] States have individually come up with rules to regulate trans athlete participation through restricting transgender athletes to teams of their assigned sex at birth, matching NCAA/IOC guidelines, allowing school districts to decide, or allowing complete inclusion.[1]
- In Indiana, schools rely on anatomical sex, requiring gender reassignment surgery for trans athletes to participate in the sport of their identified gender.[6]
- Nebraska has formed a Gender Identity Eligibility Committee that decides on a case-by-case basis of how each transgender athlete can participate as their self-identified gender.[6]
- Texas, Alabama, North Carolina, and Kentucky[10] require trans athletes to compete in the sex they were assigned with at birth.[6]
- In Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, each school district makes their own decision on how to include transgender athletes.[10]
- Maine gives approval for students to choose which team they wish to play on, approving based on safety and fairness.[10]
- New Jersey and New Mexico require that trans athletes provide evidence that they have transitioned or are transitioning.[10]
- Missouri and Ohio require athletes to undergo hormone treatment. Ohio requires that the athlete must have been on the hormones for at least a year prior to competing.[10]
- Oregon and Idaho allow those who identify as male to participate on male teams, and they are then on excluded from girls' competitions. Those transitioning from male to female must be on hormone treatment for at least a year.[10]
- ^ a b c d ACKLIN, KAYLA L. “‘Hurdling’ Gender Identity Discrimination: The Implications of State Participation Policies on Transgender Youth Athletes’ Ability to Thrive.” Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice, vol. 37, no. 1, Apr. 2017, pp. 107–145. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=123102459&site=ehost-live.
- ^ Goodridge, Mike. “Man Enough to Be a Woman.” Advocate, no. 934, Mar. 2005, p. 60. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=16436321&site=ehost-live.
- ^ Lenzi, Michael (2018). "The Trans Athlete Dilemma: A Constitutional Analysis of High School Transgender Student-Athlete Policies". American University Law Review. 67:841.
- ^ Teetzel, Sarah; Weaving, Charlene (2017-11-01). "Gender Discrimination in Sport in the 21st Century: A Commentary on Trans-Athlete Exclusion in Canada from a Sociohistorical Perspective". Sport History Review. 48 (2): 185–193. doi:10.1123/shr.2017-0004. ISSN 1543-2947.
- ^ Chen, Victoria. “Ethical Issues Concerning Transgender Athletes.” Penn Bioethics Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, Fall 2018, pp. 15–18. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=133535150&site=ehost-live.
- ^ a b c d Andrews, Malika (2017-11-08). "How Should High Schools Define Sexes for Transgender Athletes?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- ^ Finlay, Leslie (July 27, 2018). "The Iron ladies: Thailand's Fierce LGBT Volleyball Champions". The Culture Trip. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Sandhya Somashkhar (October 2, 2014). "A question for schools: Which sports teams should transgender students play on?". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ Katy Steinmetz (July 16, 2015). "The Case for Allowing Transgender Athletes in Youth Sports". Time. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f Hacke, Ray D. “‘Girls Will Be Boys, and Boys Will Be Girls’: The Emergence of the Transgender Athlete and a Defensive Game Plan for High Schools That Want to Keep Their Playing Fields Level -- For Athletes of Both Genders.” Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law, vol. 18, no. 2, Summer 2018, pp. 131–153. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=132780086&site=ehost-live.