The question of the function or origin of emotional tears remains open. Theories range from the simple, such as response to inflicted pain, to the more complex, including nonverbal communication in order to elicit altruistic helping behavior from others.[1][2] Some have also claimed that crying can serve several biochemical purposes, such as relieving stress and clearance of the eyes.[3] Studies completed across the globe in various forms have proven that when we cry, we lower our stress levels. This is due to the release of endorphins such as oxytocin in our bodies which makes us feel better, therefore self-soothing ourselves.[4] [5]Crying is believed to be an outlet or a result of a burst of intense emotional sensations, such as agony, surprise or joy. This theory could explain why people cry during cheerful events, as well as very painful events.[6]
Individuals tend to remember the positive aspects of crying, and may create a link between other simultaneous positive events, such as resolving feelings of grief. Together, these features of memory reinforce the idea that crying helped the individual.[7]
In Hippocratic and medieval medicine, tears were associated with the bodily humors, and crying was seen as purgation of excess humors from the brain.[8] William James thought of emotions as reflexes prior to rational thought, believing that the physiological response, as if to stress or irritation, is a precondition to cognitively becoming aware of emotions such as fear or anger.
William H. Frey II, a biochemist at the University of Minnesota, proposed that people feel "better" after crying due to the elimination of hormones associated with stress, specifically adrenocorticotropic hormone. This, paired with increased mucosal secretion during crying, could lead to a theory that crying is a mechanism developed in humans to dispose of this stress hormone when levels grow too high.[9] However, tears have a limited ability to eliminate chemicals, reducing the likelihood of this theory.[10]
Recent psychological theories of crying emphasize the relationship of crying to the experience of perceived helplessness.[11] From this perspective, an underlying experience of helplessness can usually explain why people cry. For example, a person may cry after receiving surprisingly happy news, ostensibly because the person feels powerless or unable to influence what is happening.
In infants edit
.jpg)
Infants can shed tears at approximately 4–8 weeks of age.[12]
Crying is critical to when a baby is first born. Their ability to cry upon delivery signals they can breathe on their own and reflects they have successfully adapted to life outside the womb.[13]
Although crying is an infant's mode of communication, it is not limited to a monotonous sound. There are three different types of cries apparent in infants. The first of these three is a basic cry, which is a systematic cry with a pattern of crying and silence. The basic cry starts with a cry coupled with a briefer silence, which is followed by a short high-pitched inspiratory whistle. Then, there is a brief silence followed by another cry. Hunger is a main stimulant of the basic cry. An anger cry is much like the basic cry; however, in this cry, more excess air is forced through the vocal cords, making it a louder, more abrupt cry. This type of cry is characterized by the same temporal sequence as the basic pattern but distinguished by differences in the length of the various phase components. The third cry is the pain cry, which, unlike the other two, has no preliminary moaning. The pain cry is one loud cry, followed by a period of breath holding.[citation needed]
- ^ "On the Origin of Crying and Tears". Human Ethology Newsletter. 5 (10): 5–6. June 1989.
- ^ Stadel, M; Daniels, JK; Warrens, MJ; Jeronimus, BF (2019). "The gender-specific impact of emotional tears". Motivation and Emotion. 1 (1): 696–704. doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09771-z.
- ^ Doheny, Kathleen. "Why We Cry: The Truth About Tearing Up". WebMD. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
- ^ Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin; Handlin, Linda; Petersson, Maria (2015-01-12). "Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation". Frontiers in Psychology. 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4290532. PMID 25628581.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ GraÄanin, Asmir; Bylsma, Lauren M.; Vingerhoets, Ad J. J. M. (2014-05-28). "Is crying a self-soothing behavior?". Frontiers in Psychology. 5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00502. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4035568. PMID 24904511.
{{cite journal}}: C1 control character in|last=at position 5 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Crying; The Mystery of Tears" personal page of Frey WH with quote from his book Archived 2008-05-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Carey, Benedict (2 February 2009). "The Muddled Tracks of All Those Tears". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ Lutz, Tom (2001). Crying : the natural and cultural history of tears. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393321036.
- ^ "Emotional Freedom". Retrieved 30 January 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Murube J, Murube L, Murube A (1999). "Origin and types of emotional tearing" (PDF). Eur J Ophthalmol. 9 (2): 77–84. doi:10.1177/112067219900900201. PMID 10435417. S2CID 21272166.
Juan Murube, president of the Spanish Society of Ophthalmology, reports that the amount of blood passing through the lacrimal glands is tiny in comparison to the body's five liters of blood, and unlike other minor bodily excretion methods like breathing and perspiration, tears are mostly reabsorbed into the body.
- ^ Miceli, M.; Castelfranchi, C. (2003). "Crying: discussing its basic reasons and uses". New Ideas in Psychology. 21 (3): 247–73. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2003.09.001.
- ^ Bylsma, Lauren M.; Gračanin, Asmir; Vingerhoets, Ad J. J. M. (2018-04-23). "The neurobiology of human crying". Clinical Autonomic Research. 29 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 63–73. doi:10.1007/s10286-018-0526-y. ISSN 0959-9851. PMC 6201288. PMID 29687400.
- ^ van Manen, Michael A. (2017-06). "The First Cry of the Child". Qualitative Health Research. 27 (7): 1069–1076. doi:10.1177/1049732316673342. ISSN 1049-7323.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)