Another personal cost of unemployment is its impact on relationships. A 2008 study from Covizzi, which examines the relationship between unemployment and divorce, found that the incidence of divorce is greater for couples when one partner is unemployed.[1] However, a more recent study has found that people often stick together in “unhappy” or “unhealthy” marriages when unemployed to buffer financial costs.[2] A 2014 study by Van der Meer found that the stigma that comes from being unemployed affects personal well-being, especially for men, who often feel as though their masculine identities are threatened by unemployment.[3]
Unemployment can also bring personal costs in relation to gender. One study found that women are more likely to experience unemployment than men and that they are less likely to move from temporary positions to permanent positions.[4] Another study on gender and unemployment found that men, however, are more likely to experience greater stress, depression, and adverse effects from unemployment, largely stemming from the perceived threat to their role as breadwinner.[5] This study found that men actually expect themselves to be viewed as “less manly” after a job loss than they actually are, and as a result they engage in compensating behaviors, such as financial risk-taking and increased assertiveness, because of it.
Costs of unemployment also vary depending on age. The young and the old are the two largest age groups currently experiencing unemployment. [6]A 2007 study from Jacob and Kleinert found that young people (ages 18 to 24) who have fewer resources and limited work experiences are more likely to be unemployed. [7]Other researchers have found that today’s high school seniors place a lower value on work than those in the past, and this is likely because they recognize the limited availability of jobs.[8] At the other end of the age spectrum, studies have found that older individuals have more barriers than younger workers to employment, require stronger social networks to acquire work, and are also less likely to move from temporary to permanent positions.[4][6] Additionally, some older people see age discrimination as the reason they are not getting hired.[9]
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- ^ Covizzi, Ilaria (2008-07-01). "Does Union Dissolution Lead to Unemployment? A Longitudinal Study of Health and Risk of Unemployment for Women and Men Undergoing Separation". European Sociological Review. 24 (3): 347–361. doi:10.1093/esr/jcn006. ISSN 0266-7215.
- ^ Amato, Paul R.; Beattie, Brett (2011-05-01). "Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005". Social Science Research. 40 (3): 705–715. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.12.012.
- ^ Meer, Peter H. van der (2012-11-21). "Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women". Social Indicators Research. 115 (1): 23–44. doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5. ISSN 0303-8300.
- ^ a b Fang, Tony; MacPhail, Fiona (2007-11-27). "Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Canada: Who Makes the Transition and Why?". Social Indicators Research. 88 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9210-7. ISSN 0303-8300.
- ^ Michniewicz, Kenneth S.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Bosson, Jennifer K. (2014-01-19). "Men's (Mis)Perceptions of the Gender Threatening Consequences of Unemployment". Sex Roles. 70 (3–4): 88–97. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0339-3. ISSN 0360-0025.
- ^ a b Kaberi Gayen; Ronald McQuaid; Robert Raeside (2010-06-22). "Social networks, age cohorts and employment". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 30 (5/6): 219–238. doi:10.1108/01443331011054208. ISSN 0144-333X.
- ^ Jacob, Marita; Kleinert, Corinna (2008-04-01). "Does Unemployment Help or Hinder Becoming Independent? The Role of Employment Status for Leaving the Parental Home". European Sociological Review. 24 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1093/esr/jcm038. ISSN 0266-7215.
- ^ Wray-Lake, Laura; Syvertsen, Amy K.; Briddell, Laine; Osgood, D. Wayne; Flanagan, Constance A. (2011-09-01). "Exploring the Changing Meaning of Work for American High School Seniors From 1976 to 2005". Youth & Society. 43 (3): 1110–1135. doi:10.1177/0044118X10381367. ISSN 0044-118X. PMC 3199574. PMID 22034546.
- ^ McVittie, Chris; McKinlay, Andy; Widdicombe, Sue. "Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people". Journal of Aging Studies. 22 (3): 248–255. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003.