Emballonuridae

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Emballonuridae is a pantropical family, meaning they they are found near the equator worldwide. Two subfamilies are found in the New World, both of which have representatives in Trinidad and Tobago. This family is distinct because the second digit of the forelimb consists of only one metacarpal bone, while two phalanges comprise the third digit.[1] The tail is approximately half the length of the uropatagium (expanse of flight membrane between the hind limbs),[1] but protrudes through the back side of the membrane into a sheath of skin.[2] Most emballonurids have wing sacs; these are often more conspicuous in the males of a species. All species in the Americas have the dental formula of 1.1.2.33.1.2.3 for a total of 32 teeth.[1]

The species Diclidurus albus is the only member of the subfamily Diclidurinae[1] that is present on either Trinidad or Tobago.[3] Diclidurines are differentiated due to their broad clavicles (collarbones), a steep angle where the snout meets the braincase, and a lack of wing sacs.[1] The other five emballonurids found on Trinidad or Tobago are all part of the subfamily Emballonurinae. Emballonurines are distinguished from other subfamilies due to their very narrow clavicles and long, curved postorbital processes (projections of bone near eye sockets). All emballonurines found on Trinidad and Tobago have wing sacs with the exception of Rhynchonycteris naso.[4]

Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Diclidurus albus Northern ghost bat Yes[5] No
Peropteryx trinitatis Trinidad dog-like bat Yes[6] Yes[6]
Rhynchonycteris naso Proboscis bat Yes[7] No
Saccopteryx bilineata Greater sac-winged bat Yes[8] No
Saccopteryx leptura Lesser sac-winged bat Yes[9] Yes[9]
Saccopteryx canescens Frosted sac-winged bat Yes[9][note 1] No

Phyllostomidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Subfamily Phyllostominae
Glyphonycteris sylvestris Tricolored big-eared bat Yes[10] No
Glyphonycteris daviesi Davies's big-eared bat Yes[10] No
Lampronycteris brachyotis Yellow-throated big-eared bat Yes[11] No
Lonchorhina aurita Tomes's sword-nosed bat Yes[12] No
Lophostoma brasiliense Pygmy round-eared bat Yes[13] No
Micronycteris hirsuta Hairy big-eared bat Yes[14] No
Micronycteris megalotis Little big-eared bat Yes[15] Yes[15]
Micronycteris minuta White-bellied big-eared bat Yes[16] Yes[16]
Mimon crenulatum Striped hairy-nosed bat Yes[17] No
Phylloderma stenops Pale-faced bat Yes[18] No
Phyllostomus discolor Pale spear-nosed bat Yes[19] No
Phyllostomus hastatus Greater spear-nosed bat Yes[20] Yes[20]
Tonatia saurophila Stripe-headed round-eared bat Yes[21] No
Trachops cirrhosus Fringe-lipped bat Yes[22] No
Trinycteris nicefori Niceforo's big-eared bat Yes[23] No
Vampyrum spectrum Spectral bat Yes[24] No
Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Subfamily Glossophaginae
Anoura geoffroyi Geoffroy's tailless bat Yes[25] No
Choeroniscus minor Lesser long-tongued bat Yes[26] No
Glossophaga longirostris Miller's long-tongued bat Yes[27] Yes[27]
Glossophaga soricina Pallas's long-tongued bat Yes[28] No
Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Subfamily Carolliinae
Carollia perspicillata Seba's short-tailed bat Yes[29] Yes[29]
Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Subfamily Stenodermatinae
Ametrida centurio Little white-shouldered bat Yes[30] No
Artibeus cinereus Gervais's fruit-eating bat Yes[31] Yes[31]
Artibeus jamaicensis Jamaican fruit bat Yes[32] Yes[32]
Artibeus lituratus Great fruit-eating bat Yes[33] Yes[33]
Centurio senex Wrinkle-faced bat Yes[34] Yes[34]
Chiroderma trinitatum Little big-eyed bat Yes[35] Yes[35]
Chiroderma villosum Hairy big-eyed bat Yes[36] Yes
Enchisthenes hartii Velvety fruit-eating bat Yes[37][note 1] No
Mesophylla macconnelli MacConnell's bat Yes[35] No
Platyrrhinus fusciventris Brown-bellied broad-nosed bat Yes[38][note 2] No
Sturnira lilium Little yellow-shouldered bat Yes[39] Yes[39]
Sturnira tildae Tilda's yellow-shouldered bat Yes[40] No
Uroderma bilobatum Tent-making bat Yes[41] No
Vampyrodes caraccioli Great stripe-faced bat Yes[42] Yes
Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Subfamily Desmodontinae
Desmodus rotundus Common vampire bat Yes[43] No
Diaemus youngi White-winged vampire bat Yes[44] No
Diphylla ecaudata Hairy-legged vampire bat Yes[45][note 1] No

Mormoopidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Mormoops megalophylla Ghost-faced bat Yes[46] No
Pteronotus davyi Davy's naked-backed bat Yes[47] No
Pteronotus parnellii Parnell's mustached bat Yes[47] Yes[47]
Pteronotus personatus Wagner's mustached bat Yes[48] Yes[48]

Noctilionidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Noctilio leporinus Greater bulldog bat Yes[49] Yes

Furipteridae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Furipterus horrens Thumbless bat Yes[50] No

Natalidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Natalus tumidirostris Trinidadian funnel-eared bat Yes[51] Yes

Thyropteridae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Thyroptera tricolor Spix's disk-winged bat Yes[52] No

Molossidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Cynomops greenhalli Greenhall's dog-faced bat Yes[53] No
Eumops auripendulus Black bonneted bat Yes[54] No
Molossus molossus Velvety free-tailed bat Yes[55] Yes[55]
Molossus rufus Black mastiff bat Yes[56] No
Molossus sinaloae Sinaloan mastiff bat Yes[57] No
Nyctinomops laticaudatus Broad-eared bat Yes[58] No
Promops centralis Big crested mastiff bat Yes[59] No
Promops nasutus Brown mastiff bat Yes[60] No
Tadarida brasiliensis Mexican free-tailed bat Yes[61] Yes[61]

Vespertilionidae

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Species Common name Trinidad Tobago
Eptesicus brasiliensis Brazilian brown bat Yes[62] Yes[62]
Lasiurus blossevillii Desert red bat Yes[63] Yes[63]
Lasiurus ega Southern yellow bat Yes[64] No
Myotis keaysi Hairy-legged myotis Yes[65] No
Myotis attenboroughi Sir David Attenborough’s myotis
?[note 3]
Yes[66]
Myotis nigricans[note 4] Black myotis
?[note 3]
No
Myotis riparius Riparian myotis Yes[67] No
Rhogeessa io Thomas's yellow bat Yes[63] Yes[63]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Not included in List of mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
  2. ^ List of mammals of Trinidad and Tobago lists Platyrrhinus helleri instead.
  3. ^ a b Gutiérrez et al. (2017) considered Myotis nigricans to be restricted to southern South America with a cryptic, undescribed species in northern South America. The specimens from Trinidad that they examined were intermediate between Venezuelan and Tobagonian specimens, but lacked the characteristics they considered diagnostic for M. attenboroughi.
  4. ^ Myotis cf. nigricans according to Gutiérrez et al. (2017)

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Gardner 2008, p. 188.
  2. ^ Kingdon 2013, p. 418.
  3. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 194
  4. ^ Gardner 2008, p. 193.
  5. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 194
  6. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 193
  7. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 190
  8. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 191
  9. ^ a b c Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 192
  10. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 203
  11. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 201
  12. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 204
  13. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 206
  14. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 200
  15. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 198
  16. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 199
  17. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 207
  18. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 210
  19. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 208
  20. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 209
  21. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 205
  22. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 212
  23. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 202
  24. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 213
  25. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 217
  26. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 217
  27. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 216
  28. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 215
  29. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 220
  30. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 234
  31. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 227
  32. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 226
  33. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 225
  34. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 235
  35. ^ a b c Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 233
  36. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 232
  37. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 228
  38. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 230
  39. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 222
  40. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 223
  41. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 229
  42. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 231
  43. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 238
  44. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 239
  45. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 240
  46. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 241
  47. ^ a b c Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 243
  48. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 244
  49. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 247
  50. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 248
  51. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 250
  52. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 251
  53. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 254
  54. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 255
  55. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 261
  56. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 259
  57. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 260
  58. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p.
  59. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 257
  60. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 258
  61. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 255
  62. ^ a b Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 256
  63. ^ a b c d Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 257
  64. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 258
  65. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 265
  66. ^ Gutiérrez, Eliécer E.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Novaes, Roberto L. M.; Wilson, Don E.; Moratelli, Ricardo (2017). "Caribbean Myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), with description of a new species from Trinidad and Tobago". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (4): 994–1008. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx062. ISSN 0022-2372.
  67. ^ Gomes and Reid (2015), p. 264

Bibliography

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