Power plant engineering refers the application of mechanical and electrical engineering principles to the production of energy in various kinds of power plants. Power plant engineering is a subset of power engineering which is only concerned with the generation of energy and not necessarily the setting in which the energy is created. The engineering aspect of power plant management has evolved with technology and has become progressively more complicated. The introduction of nuclear technology and the progression of other existing technologies have allowed power to be created in more ways and on a larger scale than was previously possible. The assignment of different types of engineers to the design and construction of a new power plant is dependent on the type of system being built whether it is a nuclear power plant, hydroelectric plant, or solar plant.
History edit
Power plant engineering got its start in the 1800's when small systems were used by individual factories to provide power. Originally the only source of power came from DC, or direct current, systems.[1] While this was suitable for business, electricity was not accessible by most of the public body. During these times, the coal powered steam engine was costly to run and there was no way for the power to be transmitted over distances. Hydroelectricity was one of the most utilized forms of power generation as water mills could be used to create power to transmit to small towns.
It wasn't until the introduction of AC, or alternating current, power systems that allowed for the creation of power plants as we know them today. AC systems allowed power to be transmitted over larger distances than DC systems allowed and thus, large power stations were able to be created. One of the progenitors of long-distance power-transmission was the Lauffen to Frankfurt power plant which spanned 109 miles.[2] The Lauffen-Frankfurt demonstrated how three-phase power could be effectively applied to transmit power over long distances.[2][3] Three-phase power had been the progeny of years of research in power distribution and the Lauffen-Frankfurt was the first exhibition to show its real potential for future use.
The engineering knowledge needed to perform these tasks enlists the help of several fields of engineering including mechanical, electrical, nuclear and civil engineers. When power plants were up and coming, engineering tasks needed to create these facilities mainly consisted of mechanical, civil, and electrical engineers. These disciplines allowed for the planning and construction of power plants. But when nuclear power plants were created it introduced nuclear engineers to perform the calculations necessary to maintain safety standards.
Education edit
Power plant engineering covers a broad spectrum of engineering disciplines. The field can solicit information from mechanical, electrical, nuclear, and civil engineers. While there are many disparities between the aforementioned engineering disciplines, they all cover material related to heat or electricity transmission. Obtaining a degree from an ABET accredited school in any one of these disciplines is essential to becoming a power plant engineer.[4] There are also many associations which qualified engineers can join, including the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), and the American Society of Power Engineers (ASOPE).
Governing Principles edit
First Law of Thermodynamics edit
In simple terms, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed; however, power can be converted from one form of energy to another form of energy. This is especially important in power generation because power production in nearly all types of power plants relies upon the use of a generator. [3] Generators are used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy; for example, wind turbines utilize a large prop connected to a shaft which turns the turbine when rotated. The turbine then creates electricity due to the interaction of a conductor within a magnetic field. In this case, the mechanical energy generated by the wind is converted, through the turbine, into electric energy. Most power plants rely on these conversions to create usable electric power.
Second Law of Thermodynamics edit
The second law of thermodynamics conceptualizes that the entropy of a closed system can never decrease. As the law relates to power plants, it dictates that heat is to flow from a body at high temperature to a body at low temperature (the device in which electricity is being generated).[3] This law is particularly pertinent to thermal power plants which derive their energy from the combustion of a fuel source. The fuel source is the body of high temperature and the generator or turbine that uses the reactants of the combustion to generate electricity is the body of low temperature.
Types of Power Plants edit
All power plants are created with the same goal: to produce electric power as efficiently as possible. However, as technology has evolved, the sources of energy used in power plants has evolved as well. The introduction of more renewable/sustainable forms of energy has cause an increase in the evolution and creation of certain power plants.
Hydroelectric Power Plants edit
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Hydroelectric power plants can be categorized into three different types; impoundment, diversion and pumped storage.[5] Impoundment and diversion hydroelectric power plants operate very similar in that each involves creating a barrier to keep water from flowing at an uncontrollable rate and then allowing the proper flow rate of water to pass through turbines to create electricity. Mechanical engineers are in charge of calculating flow rates and other volumetric calculations necessary to turn the generators at the electrical engineers specifications. Pumped storage hydroelectric power plants operate in a similar manner but only function at peak hours of power demand by allowing water to turn turbines as water falls from a high to low elevation then at calm hours the water is pumped back uphill through the same turbines.[6] The engineering knowledge required to assess the performance of pumped storage hydroelectric power plants is very similar to that of the impoundment and diversion power plants.
Thermal Power Plants edit
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Thermal power plants are split into two different categories; those that create electricity by burning fuel and those that create electricity via prime mover. A common example of a thermal power plant that produces electricity by burning fuel is the nuclear power plant. Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat to power a steam turbine which in turn rotates the shaft of an electric generator which creates electricity. Nuclear power plants account for 20% of America's electricity generation.[7] Another example of a fuel burning power plant is coal power plant. Coal power plants generate 50% of the United States' electricity supply.[7] Coal power plants operate in a manner similar to nuclear power plants in that the heat from the burning coal powers a steam turbine and electric generator. Thermal power plants rely heavily on nuclear and mechanical engineers to calculate the heat transfer associated with the burning of fuel and electrical engineers to ensure those calculations can efficiently create electricity.
Solar Power Plants edit
Solar power plants derive their energy from sunlight, which is made accessible via photovoltaics (PV's). Photovoltaic panels, or solar panels, are constructed using photovoltaic cells which are made of semiconductor materials that release electrons when they are warmed by the thermal energy of the sun. The new flow of electrons generates electricity within the cell. [8] While PV's are an efficient method of producing electricity, they do burn out after a decade and thus, must be replaced; however, their efficiency, cost of operation, and lack of noise/physical pollutants make them one of the cleanest and least expensive forms of energy. Solar power plants require the work of many facets of engineering; electrical engineers are especially crucial in constructing the solar panels and connecting them into a grid, computer engineers code the cells themselves so that electricity can be effectively and efficiently produced, and civil engineers play the very important role of identifying areas where solar plants are able to collect the most energy.
Wind Power Plants edit
Wind power plants, also known as wind turbines, derive their energy from the wind by connecting a generator to the fan blades and using the rotational motion caused by wind to power the generator.[9] Then the generated power is fed back into the power grid. Wind power plants can be implemented on large, open expanses of land or on large bodies of water such as the oceans; they simply rely on being in areas that experience significant amounts of wind. Technically, wind turbines are a form of solar power in that they rely on pressure differentials caused by uneven heating of the earth's atmosphere.[9] Wind turbines solicit the knowledge from mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers. Knowledge of fluid dynamics from the help of mechanical engineers is crucial in determining the viability of locations for wind turbines. Electrical engineers ensure that power generation and transmission is possible and civil engineers are important in the construction and utilization of wind turbines.
See Also edit
References edit
- ^ Center, Copyright 2014 Edison Tech. "History of Electrification Sites". www.edisontechcenter.org. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Lauffen to Frankfurt 1891". Edison Tech Center. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
- ^ a b c "What are Power Plants?". Brighthub Engineering. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
- ^ "How to Become a Power Plant Operator: Career Guide". Study.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
- ^ "Types of Hydropower Plants | Department of Energy". www.energy.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
- ^ USGS, Howard Perlman. "Hydroelectric Power: How it works, USGS Water-Science School". water.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
- ^ a b "Thermal Power Plant Classification". Retrieved 2018-03-30.
- ^ "Solar Power Has Benefits as a Source of Alternative Energy". 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
- ^ a b "How Do Wind Turbines Work? | Department of Energy". www.energy.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
External Links edit
- American Society of Power Engineers
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers
- Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers
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