TEX 55
editTEX55 is a protein encoding gene located on the forward strand of human chromosome three, open reading frame 30 (3q13.32)[1][2]. TEX55 is also known as Testis-specific conserved, cAMP-dependent type II PK anchoring protein (TSCPA), and uncharacterized protein C3orf30[2].
Gene
editThis gene is 13,893 bp and spans from base pair 119,146,150 to 119,160,042[2]. This gene is flanked by immunoglobulin superfamily member 11[1].
Homology
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Paralogs
editThe TEX55 protein has no known paralogs[3].
Orthologs
editTEX55 has orthologs in many mammals including, bats, dolphins, and even aardvarks[3]. However, the TEX55 protein cannot be found outside of clade Mammalia[3]. The most distant ortholog is found in the Aardvark, which is thought to have diverged an estimated 105 MYA.
Homologous Domains
editTex55 has two homologous domains according to GeneCard: EF-Hand Calcium Binding Domain 10 and Uroplakin 1B, both of which are found in the middle of the protein[2]. Uroplakin 1B is known to regulate cell development, activation, growth, and motility. This could indicate why abnormalities and TEX55 expression leads to sperm with altered morphology[4][5].
mRNA
editThe mRNA of TEX55 is 1800 base pairs and has three exons[2]. According to GeneCard, the TEX55 mRNA has 3 theoretical splice forms, but only the one containing all three exons have been studied[2]. The 5’ UTR of the mRNA has an RFX1 binding site, used to activate transcription[6].
Promoter
editThe promoter region of TEX55 has multiple SRY box-6 and SOX/SRY-sex/testis determining and related HMG box transcription factor binding sites, as well as an X-linked zinc finger binding site. This indicated that the sex chromosomes may play a role in post-translational modification and expression[6].
Protein
edit
The transcript of the TEX 55 mRNA is 536 AA, 60.28 kD, had an isoelectric point of 5.51, and is highly conserved at the C-terminus[8]. Analysis of the sumoylation sites indicate that Lys 14 has a high probability of being sumoylated[9]. Through function-region analysis, the researchers found that this protein may act as an anchoring protein of cAMP-dependent type-II PK, and might be an A-kinase anchoring proteins[4][10].
Expression
editExpression of TEX55 mRNA can be found in most tissues in the human body, from the brain to the prostate[1]. However, the protein produced by this mRNA has been shown to be produced mainly in the testis of mammals, according to NCBI[1]. Analysis done by the Human Protein Atlas indicates that the TEX55 protein can be found not only in the testis, but also the bronchus, Fallopian tubes, and endometrium[11].
Clinical Significance
editBeing produced mainly in the testis of mammals, researchers believe that the protein product of TEX55 plays a role in spermatogenesis[4]. It has been shown that individuals with cryptorchidism and Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, which are both associated with sterility, do not produce this protein in their testis[4]. MicroArray analysis of individuals with Teratozoospermia[4][5], a condition that is characterized by ~96% of sperm morphology being alter, indicates that Tex 55 expression is reduced by ~20%. In clinical research the TEX55 protein products have been detected in mice starting at 38 days old, then up regulated for at least 6 month[4].
- ^ a b c d "TEX55 testis expressed 55 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ a b c d e f "GeneCard". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ a b c "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f Zhendong, Y.; Tang, A.; Cai, Z. (2009). "Expression profile of a novel germ cell-specific gene, TSCPA, in mice and human". Fertility and Sterility. 92 (3): S209. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1478.
- ^ a b "Home - GEO Profiles - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ a b "Genomatix: Login Page". www.genomatix.de. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "PROSITE". prosite.expasy.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "SAPS Results". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "GPS-SUMO: Prediction of SUMOylation Sites & SUMO-interaction Motifs". sumosp.biocuckoo.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Phyre 2 Results for Tex55____". www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
- ^ "Tissue expression of C3orf30 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02.