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Article Draft edit
Dumping bans edit
The intentional or accidental discharge of oil, release of hazardous or toxic substances, or the discard of waste into the marine environment. Within a single country's regulated waters, administrations may have legal authority to hold a responsible party accountable. Once pollution drifts into another country's regulated waters and affects their water quality, transboundary pollution has taken place.[1] Transboundary pollution is addressed through international environmental agreements that may be in the form of bi-lateral, tri-lateral, or multilateral treaties.[2]
The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) was passed by Congress in order to prevent dumping from occurring in marine environments. The main purpose of this bill is to prevent ships and vehicles from and coming to the United States from dumping hazardous materials in U.S territories. It also prohibits toxic material from leaving the United States with the purpose of being dumped and polluting international waters.[3]
Around the world edit
International law edit
There are two major nongovernmental organizations that have made monumental advancements in improving the quality of water internationally. The International Law Association (ILA) and the Institute of International Law (IIL) worked with the United Nations to develop the Helsinki and Berlin Rules .[4]
Marine and ship pollution are serious threats to the world's oceans.
The International Maritime Organization developed regulations governing maritime pollution MARPOL 73/78 from ships.The World Health Organization provides a global overview of water quality, areas of risk, recommendations for future Guidelines for DrinkingWater Quality (GDWQ).
See also: List of international environmental agreements
Article body edit
References edit
- ^ Hall, Noah (2007-01-01). "Transboundary Pollution: Harmonizing International and Domestic Law". Law Faculty Research Publications.
- ^ "International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics". Springer. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
- ^ US EPA, OA (2013-01-29). "EPA History: Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (Ocean Dumping Act)". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ Salman, Salman M. A. (2007-12-01). "The Helsinki Rules, the UN Watercourses Convention and the Berlin Rules: Perspectives on International Water Law". International Journal of Water Resources Development. 23 (4): 625–640. doi:10.1080/07900620701488562. ISSN 0790-0627.
* [1]
- ^ Cullet, P. (2011-07-01). "Water Law in a Globalised World: the Need for a New Conceptual Framework". Journal of Environmental Law. 23 (2): 233–254. doi:10.1093/jel/eqr003. ISSN 0952-8873.
- ^ Kumpel, Emily; MacLeod, Clara; Stuart, Kara; Cock-Esteb, Alicea; Khush, Ranjiv; Peletz, Rachel (2020-12). "From data to decisions: understanding information flows within regulatory water quality monitoring programs". npj Clean Water. 3 (1): 38. doi:10.1038/s41545-020-00084-0. ISSN 2059-7037.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Thomashausen, Sophie; Maennling, Nicolas; Mebratu-Tsegaye, Tehtena (2018-03). "A comparative overview of legal frameworks governing water use and waste water discharge in the mining sector". Resources Policy. 55: 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.11.012.
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