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editDracophyllum fiordense is a tree or tall shrub that grows to heights of 1.5–5.0 metres (5–16 feet). Though the trunk is usually unbranched, upright-growing branches may sometimes form, particularly on plants in Westland. The bark on older sections is a greyish-brown colour; newer growth is a yellow-brown. It is often very flaky and fragmented near the base of old stems. The leaves of D. fiordense are concentrated at the ends of branches, similar to species in the family Bromeliaceae, and are leathery, deeply grooved, and shaped like a triangle. They are 40–70 by 4–5 centimetres (16–28 by 1.6–2.0 inches) and have finely-toothed edges with 10–15 teeth every 1 cm (0.4 in). The tip of each leaf is pointed and curls in a distinctive spiral.[1]
Flowering occurs from January to March, producing an inflorescence (flower spike) that is an axillary panicle: one that is many-branched and arises between the branch and the leaf. It is pyramid-shaped and much shorter than the leaves, drooping downwards to a length between 10 and 15 cm (4 and 6 in). The basal branch of the inflorescence extends horizontally outwards and is between 2 and 5 cm (0.8 and 2.0 in) long, and is covered in light green inflorescence bracts (specialised leaves). These bracts are egg-shaped to triangular at their bases and eventually fall off.[1]
There are between 113 and 120 flowers on each panicle, grouped in sets of ten near the base. They hang from hairless 0.8–1.5 mm pedicels which have 4.5–5.0 by 0.8–10 mm hairless bracteoles (smaller bracts) in the middle, that later fall off. The sepals (leafy part of flower that protects it) are egg-shaped, 2.0–2.5 by 2.0–3.0 mm, which is shorter than the corolla tube, and grooved. The petals are a pinkish colour and form a 2.0–2.5 by 2.0–2.5 mm bell-shaped tube that becomes wider towards the mouth of the flower, and have reflexed lobes. The stamens are hypogynous and made up of a light yellow oblong 1.5–2.0 mm anther (pollen containing part) atop a 2.3–2.5 mm long filament. The flower has an almost globe-shaped ovary which is 0.9–1.0 by 1.3–1.5 mm, while the nectary scales are rectangularly shaped 0.6–0.7 by 0.6–0.7 mm. The style projects outwards and is 1.8–2.0 mm (0.07–0.08 in) long, hairless and five-lobed.[1]
Fruiting occurs throughout the year, producing an egg-shaped brown 0.55–0.60 mm long seed which is encased within a 2.0–2.8 by 2.5–4.0 mm red-brown fruit. The fruit is globe shaped but pressed in on itself.[1] Dracophyllum fiordense is similar to D. menziesii and D. townsonii in that its inflorescences develop below the clusters of leaves, though they are more branched than that of D. menziesii. D. traversii is also similar, but D. fiordense has a mostly unbranched stem, spiralled ends to its leaves, and an inflorescence occurring below the leaves.[2]
Things that don't matter:
- Leaf sheaths
- Hairlessness
- Details, including tiny measurements, regarding granular aspects of the morphology (eg. The types of apices of the lobes on the corolla)
- Shape of apices
wp:plants progress
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Websites
edit- de Lange, Peter (2012). "Dracophyllum fiordense". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - "Assessment details for Dracophyllum fiordense W.R.B.Oliv". New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS). Department of Conservation (New Zealand). 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Halocarpus
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Dracophyllum Subgenus Oreothamnus Clade
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Subgenus Oreothamnus Subgenus Dracophyllum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E. dentatus
editDescription
edit- (Wood) https://archive.org/details/timbersofcommerc00ston_0/page/16/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Domatia) https://archive.org/details/anatomyofdicotyl0001metc_c6p9/page/136/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- https://archive.org/details/treesshrubsillus0000unse/page/276/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Damsom-like) https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00coyl/page/424/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
Taxonomy
edit- (Migration/origin) https://archive.org/details/concisenaturalhi0000flee/page/80/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (An early write up not first) https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002356480/page/DCI/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Found it!) Symb. bot. 1794 I think
Ecology
edit- https://archive.org/details/transactions-royal-society-new-zealand-zoology-9-093-139/page/n41/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- https://archive.org/details/transactions-royal-society-new-zealand-botany-1-033-075/page/n15/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Predation) https://archive.org/details/ecologyofarborea00mont/page/270/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- https://archive.org/details/vegetationofnewz0000ward/page/472/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (insect) https://archive.org/details/accountofinsects00maskrich/page/n99/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Land restoration techniques) https://archive.org/details/janssenh.j.1995fullcopyofsectiononeofthesis1/page/n231/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Resistance to cold) https://archive.org/details/treesforallseaso0000hoga/page/330/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (More insects) https://archive.org/details/catalogueofcocci00fern/page/76/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Water/habitat) https://archive.org/details/sim_functional-ecology_2001-04_15_2/page/240/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Some epiphites) https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbritis17britlond/page/186/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Mites) https://archive.org/details/bulletin8195hatc/page/160/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Check buller to confirm but Huia) https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19214/page/511/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Kaka) https://archive.org/details/vanished-and-vanishing-parrots-profiling-extinct-and-endangered-species-pdfdrive/page/27/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Light) https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-reviews_2012-05_87_2/page/n117/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
In Māori culture
edit- (Bark) https://archive.org/details/maoritextiletech0084fisc/page/3056/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Overview + Possible etymology) https://archive.org/details/plantsofnewzeala00lainrich/page/248/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofgre0000ceci/page/218/mode/2up
- https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra00penngoog/page/n62/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Bread) https://archive.org/details/cu31924026469753/page/n131/mode/2up?q=%22Elaeocarpus+dentatus%22
- (Mythology) https://archive.org/details/ancienthistoryof03whit/page/n131/mode/2up?q=hinau
- (Rat bait) https://www.jstor.org/stable/20702095
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0027510702003445?via%3Dihub (Health)
- W. Colenso, On the vegetable food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook’s visit, Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst. 13 (1881) 3–38.
- I.M. Morice, Fruit-coat and seed fats of Rhopalostylis, Elaeocarpus and Nestigis species, Phytochemistry 14 (1975) 765–767.
Cultivation
editRewrite of ecology:
editDispersal
editA 1982 study found that the fruit are eaten (off the ground) by North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) who, they argued, likely use the seeds as grinding agents to help break down food in their gizzards.[3] Walter Buller noted in his 1873 book A history of the birds of New Zealand that he had found E. dentatus fruit in the gizzards of the now extinct Huia. Buller, along with one 1977 study on Kāpiti Island, recorded that the Kākā feed extensively on the drupes.[4][5]
mainland and those that live on E. dentatus drupes are an important food source especially in March and, for males, from March all the way until June. This is thought to be because of the different shaped mandible which females have as the fruit actually harden in the months following March, meaning the females are unable to break into them to get at the developing seed, the part that Kākā eat. They also rely heavily on Hīnau and Tawa to feed their young, both because of their prevalence on the island and their abundant crop of fruit. Weka (Gallirallus australis) eat the fruit which falls onto the ground and are thought to be very important dispersers after the extinction of many of New Zealand's other flightless birds. Hīnau seeds may also germinate better after the coat has been torn open and the Weka's gizzard might have a similar effect, though more research is needed.[6] The extremely hard endocarp is thought to be for protection inside the digestive systems of large flightless birds who acted as another disperser by eating fallen fruit. It is also possible, however, that it is to balance the over-eating of their fruit by parrots, like the Kākā, who one study found to have been found digesting an average of 7.1 seeds per minute in March.[5][7] Kererū also eat the fruit and act as a disperser, though not to the degree Weka do.[6]
Buller noted that the extinct bird the Laughing owl feed primarily on it.[8]
Other
editKōkako eat both the leaves and fruit, though they make up a very small proportion of the bird's varied and complex diet.[9] In New Zealand forests the trunks of trees are crucial to flightless invertebrates who use them as a way to reach the canopy for food and breeding. One 1983 study which trapped these invertebrates coming up and down Hīnau trees found that the most prevalent species coming up were Springtails, followed by Wasps and ants, Spiders, Beetles and Weevils and Mites. Coming down the trunk the most common were the mites, making up 15%. Followed by larvae, springtails, and harvestmen.[10]
Refs
edit- ^ a b c d De Lange 2012.
- ^ Venter 2021, pp. 18–22.
- ^ Reid B, Ordish RG, Harrison M (January 1982). "An analysis of the gizzard contents of 50 North Island brown kiwis, Apteryx australis mantelli, and notes on feeding observations" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 5: 76–85. JSTOR 24052678.
- ^ Buller, Walter Lawry; Keulemans, J. G. (John Gerrard); Keulemans, J. G. (John Gerrard); Library of Congress, former owner DSI (1873). A history of the birds of New Zealand. Smithsonian Libraries. London : John Van Voorst.
- ^ a b Ron J. Moorhouse (1997). "THE DIET OF THE NORTH ISLAND KAKA (NESTOR MERIDIONALIS SEPTENTRIONALIS) ON KAPITI ISLAND" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 21: 143–150.
- ^ a b Carpenter JK, Kelly D, Moltchanova E, O'Donnell CF (June 2018). "Introduction of mammalian seed predators and the loss of an endemic flightless bird impair seed dispersal of the New Zealand tree Elaeocarpus dentatus". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (12): 5992–6004. doi:10.1002/ece3.4157. PMC 6024123. PMID 29988419.
- ^ Michael James Thorsen, Katharine J.M. Dickinson and Philip J. Seddon. "Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11: 302 – via Researchgate.
- ^ Buller 1873, p. 22.
- ^ R.O. POWLESLAND (1987). "THE FOODS, FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND HABITAT USE OF NORTH ISLAND KOKAKO IN PUKETI STATE FOREST, NORTHLAND" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 10: 120–127.
- ^ Moeed A, Meads MJ (January 1983). "Invertebrate fauna of four tree species in Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, as revealed by trunk traps" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Ecology: 39–53.
Sources
edit- Buller, Walter Lawry (1873). A history of the birds of New Zealand. London: John Van Voorst.
Template testing
edit| Part of a series on the |
| Endemic flora of the Auckland region |
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 fruit | |||||
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||
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| Energy | 18 kJ (4.3 kcal) | ||||
69.9g | |||||
| Dietary fibre | 21.8g | ||||
1.7g | |||||
3.4g | |||||
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| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||
| Water | 56g | ||||
Nutritional value as a percentage | |||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2] | |||||
By country grouping cladogram test
editBelow is a Paraphyletic group which includes all the New Zealand species in the genus Dracophyllum.
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Subgenus Oreothamnus Subgenus Dracophyllum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Full Dracophyllum Cladogram
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Subgenus Oreothamnus Subgenus Dracophyllum Subgenus Cystanthe Subgenus Dracophylloides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Request try #2
editD. traversii
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Amazona clade
editDdsdj
editThe New Zealand botanist Peter Wardle suggested the a potential reason for the hair on the leaves, which aren't present on the similar species D. longifolium, could be to prevent sea spray from damaging them whilst they are still a bud. In addition, [3]
Good topics
Dracophyllum acerosum Berggr.- Dracophyllum alticola Däniker
Dracophyllum arboreum Cockayne- Dracophyllum balansae Virot
- Dracophyllum cosmelioides W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum densum W.R.B.Oliv.
Dracophyllum elegantissimum S.Venter- Dracophyllum filifolium Hook.f.
Dracophyllum fiordense W.R.B.Oliv.- Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii C.Moore & F.Muell.
- Dracophyllum involucratum Brongn. & Gris
- Dracophyllum kirkii Berggr.
- Dracophyllum latifolium A.Cunn.
- Dracophyllum lessonianum A.Rich.
- Dracophyllum longifolium (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.)
- Dracophyllum mackeeanum S.Venter
- Dracophyllum macranthum E.A.Br. & Streiber
- Dracophyllum marmoricola S.Venter
- Dracophyllum menziesii Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum milliganii Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum minimum F.Muell.
- Dracophyllum muscoides Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum oceanicum E.A.Br. & Streiber
- Dracophyllum oliveri Du Rietz
Dracophyllum ophioliticum S.Venter- Dracophyllum ouaiemense Virot
- Dracophyllum palustre W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum patens W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum pearsonii Kirk
- Dracophyllum politum (Cheeseman) Cockayne
- Dracophyllum pronum W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum prostratum Kirk
- Dracophyllum pubescens Cheeseman
- Dracophyllum pyramidale W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum ramosum Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
- Dracophyllum recurvum Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium (G.Forst.) R.Br.
- Dracophyllum sayeri F.Muell.
- Dracophyllum scoparium Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum secundum R.Br.
- Dracophyllum sinclairii Cheeseman
- Dracophyllum strictum Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum subulatum Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum townsonii Cheeseman
- Dracophyllum traversii Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum trimorphum W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum uniflorum Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum urvilleanum A.Rich.
- Dracophyllum verticillatum Labill.
- Dracophyllum viride W.R.B.Oliv.
- Dracophyllum tasmanicum S.Venter
- Dracophyllum laciniatum S.Venter
- Dracophyllum procerum (F.Muell.) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum sprengelioides (R.Br.) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum alpinum (Menadue) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum desgrazii (Hombr. ex Decne.) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum continentis (B.L.Burtt) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum gunnii (Hook.f.) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum pandanifolium (Hook.f.) S.Venter
- Dracophyllum persistentifolium S.Venter
- Dracophyllum victorianum (Menadue) S.Venter
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- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Wardle, Peter (1991). Vegetation of New Zealand. Internet Archive. Cambridge [England] : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25873-9.
Urtica ferox
edit- ^ Clark, F. P. (1993). "Tree nettle (Urtica-ferox) poisoning" (PDF). New Zealand Medical Journal. 106: 234 – via Te ara.