User:Donald Trung/Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳)

Original draft

{{Infobox coin | Denomination = Zhouyuan Tongbao<br>(周元通寳) | Country = [[Later Zhou dynasty]] | Value = 1 ''[[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]'' | Unit = | Mass_g = 3.45~3.65 | Diameter_mm = 25 | Diameter_inch = | Diameter_special =  | Thickness_mm = | Thickness_inch = | Thickness_special =  | Composition = [[Bronze]] | Years of Minting = 955–959 | Mintage =  | Circulation = | Catalog Number =  | Obverse = Zhou Yuan Tong Bao - Dr. Luke Roberts.jpg | Obverse Design = Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳){{Efn|Often written as "周元通寶".}} | Obverse Designer = | Obverse Design Date = | Obverse Discontinued = | Reverse = Zhou Yuan Tong Bao - Dr. Luke Roberts (reverse).png | Reverse Design = [[#List of variants of the Zhouyuan Tongbao|Various]] | Reverse Designer = | Reverse Design Date = | Reverse Discontinued = }} The '''Zhouyuan Tongbao''' ({{zh | t=周元通寳 | s=周元通宝 | hp=zhōuyuán tōng bǎo | first=t | l= | links=yes}}) is a copper-alloy [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] produced during the reign of [[Chai Rong|Emperor Shizong]] of the [[Later Zhou dynasty]], a historical Chinese state that existed in the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]].<ref>Wang Xipeng (汪锡鹏) - ''Zhouyuan Tongbao — The Eternal Monument of the Later Zhou Dynasty'' (周元通宝——后周永远的丰碑) - "China Urban Finance" 2010 Issue 5 (《中国城市金融》2010年第5期). Publisher: [[Industrial and Commercial Bank of China]], [[Shanghai]] Branch (中国工商银行上海市分行).</ref> The design of the Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins closely resembles that of the [[Kaiyuan Tongbao]] (開元通寳) series produced during the earlier [[Tang dynasty]] period. The Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins were produced from recycled [[Buddhist statue]]s confiscated from Buddhist temples.<ref name="Ma-Xing-Li-2018">Ma T, Xing Q, Li M, et al. ''Discussion of the buddha-destroy coins in Chinese coin history.'' Orient Arch. 2018;15:78–91 (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> For this reason the Zhouyuan Tongbao is commonly referred to as "[[Arhat]] money" ({{zh | t=羅漢錢 | s=罗汉钱 | hp=Luóhàn qián | first=t | l= | links=no}}) or as the "money that destroyed [[Buddha]]" ({{zh | t=毀佛錢 | s=毁佛钱 | hp=Huǐ fú qián | first=t | l= | links=no}}).<ref name="Ma-Xing-Li-2018"/> Nicknames only reserved for a handful of Chinese cash coins, as confiscation of Buddhist statues for coin production only happend around 7 times in Chinese history.<ref>Dong Liangyi (董良义) - ''A brief introduction to the previous incidents of destroying Buddhas and casting coins in history'' (简述历史上的历次毁佛铸钱事件) - "Jiangsu Coins" Issue 3, 2016 (《江苏钱币》2016年第3期).</ref><ref>Ma Tiancheng (马天成), Xing Qi (邢琪), Li Ming (李铭), and Guo Junfeng (郭俊峰) - ''On the Destroyed Buddha Money in the History of Chinese Currency'' (论中国货币史上的毁佛钱) - "Oriental Archeology" 2018 Issue 1 (《东方考古》2018年第1期) - Tai'an Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology (泰安市文物考古研究所) - Jinan Institute of Archeology (济南市考古研究所). Quote: 『在中国古代,毁佛钱的种类虽然不多,但是在中国古代货币史上占有的重要地位却是不容忽视的。通过查阅资料,我们发现中国货币史上共有七种毁佛钱。』("In ancient China, although there were not many types of Buddha-destroyed money, its important position in the history of ancient Chinese currency cannot be ignored. By consulting the data, we found that there are seven kinds of Buddha-destroyed money in the history of Chinese currency.").</ref> Superstitions surrounding these bronze cash coins claim that they have amuletic properties because they were cast from Buddhist statues, and are particularly said to be effective in [[midwifery]], hence many later-made imitations and amulets based on them exist and they have remained a [[Cash coins in art|popular motif]] for [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese amulet]]s. == History == {{Further|Ancient Chinese coinage}} During the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], [[Guo Wei]], a native of Yaoshan, [[Xing Prefecture (Hebei)|Xingzhou]], founded the Later Zhou state in Dongjing (東京, present-day [[Kaifeng]], [[Henan]] Province) in 951.<ref name="Jiangsu-Qianbi-2011">Xu Dayuan (徐达元) & Qi Siyuan (齐思源) - ''Zhouyuan Tongbao Collection and Research'' (周元通宝收藏与研究) - "Jiangsu Numismatics" 2011 No. 3 (《江苏钱币》2011年第3期). Quote: "五代十国时期,邢州尧山人郭威于951年,在东京(今河南省开封市)建国,国号为周,史称后周,年号广顺,郭威称周太祖。954年,郭威养子柴荣继承皇位,史称周世宗,改年号显德,在位六年(954-959年)。后周时期,流通领域铜钱匮乏,民间交易非常困难。".</ref> In 954, Guo Wei's adopted son [[Chai Rong]] succeeded to the throne, in Chinese historiography he is referred to Emperor Zhou Shizong, and adopted [[Chinese era name|reign era]] to Xiande (顯德).<ref name="Jiangsu-Qianbi-2011"/> During this period, there was a shortage of bronze cash coins in circulation in Later Zhou making private transactions were very difficult.<ref name="Jiangsu-Qianbi-2011"/> The Zhouyuan Tongbao commenced production in the year Xiande 2 (顯德二年), February 955 [[Anno domini|AD]] (using the [[Gregorian calendar]]), during the reign of [[Chai Rong|Emperor Shizong]] and was the first cash coin produced by the [[Later Zhou dynasty]].<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312">Zhao Dexin (赵德馨) - ''Dictionary of Chinese Economic History'' (中国经济史辞典)．[[Wuhan]] (武汉)：Hubei Dictionary Publishing House (湖北辞书出版社)，1990. Page: 312. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> It is said that Emperor Shizong himself would supervise their casting at the many large furnaces at the back of the palace.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} The Later Zhou dynasty was heavily in debt and in order to try to pay off the government's debts, Emperor Shizong started a campaign to procure enough copper for the production of cash coins.<ref name="Book-of-Zhou">''[[Old History of the Five Dynasties]]'' (舊五代史) - ''Book of Zhou'' (周書).</ref> As copper was scarce during the Later Zhou period, the government tried confiscate enough bronze to cash coins to be able to pay for government expenditures and a number of policies were enacted, initially Emperor Shizong prohibited households from holding bronze utensils and later the Later Zhou would confiscate the assets of [[Buddhist temple]]s to produce bronze cash coins.<ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science">{{cite web|url= https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00530-3|title= Chemical studies of Chinese coinage II: from Qin to Yuan (221 BCE–1368 CE).|date=22 May 2021|accessdate=10 August 2023|author= A. M. Pollard & Ruiliang Liu|publisher= Heritage Science|language=en}} Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</ref><ref>Zhang Guoying (张国英) - ''Destroy the Buddha to make money, two coins flow by themselves'' (毁佛以铸钱两币自流长) - "Financial Economics" 2000 No. 11 (《金融经济》2000年第11期).</ref> The imperial government of the Later Zhou dynasty re-melted Buddhist bronze statues from 3356 temples to produce bronze coins.<ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science"/> This decision was not just opposed by the Buddhists but also by his advisors, including both [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|civil and military mandarins]].<ref>Peng Yuantong (彭远同) - ''Zhouyuan Tongbao flower coin with a dragon and fenghuang pattern on its reverse'' (周元通宝背龙凤纹花钱) - "Favourites" Issue 6, 2009 (《收藏》2009年第6期) - [[Langzhong]], [[Sichuan]] (四川阆中). - Quote: "“周元通宝”是五代时期铸行最多、质量最好的铜钱。据史料载：后周世宗柴荣显德二年（955年），下令精简天下寺院，毁铜怫铸钱，以便促进货物流通，经济发展。此举遭到佛教徒和文武大臣们的反对，于是周世宗搬出“舍身饲虎”的典故。".</ref> When reproached for this, the emperor claimed that [[Gautama Buddha]] himself would not mind this sacrifice.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} Generally speaking, cash coins produced from the [[Warring States period]] until the reign of the [[Jiajing Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] were made of bronze, but because the Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins were cast from melted Buddhist statues, which are typically brass, they contain higher levels of zinc that other coinages from this period.<ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science"/> Though zinc was present in these coins, the quantity remains quite low overal with values of zinc up to 2–4%.<ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science"/> Because they were believed to have spiritual powers inherited from the Buddhist statues, these coins were subsequently much-copied throughout [[History of China|Chinese history]], these copies are popularly known as "[[Chinese numismatic charm|folk coins]]" (民俗錢) and are believed to have the same spiritual powers as the original coins.<ref>Hu Jinhua (胡金华) & Guo Xiaoming (郭晓明) - ''Trial Analysis of Zhouyuan Tongbao Folk Money Patterns'' (周元通宝民俗钱图案试析) - "Cultural Relics Spring and Autumn" 2008 No. 6 (《文物春秋》2008年第6期) - Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Hebei]] (河北省文物研究所, 河北石家庄).</ref><ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science"/> == Design == The design and [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]] of the Zhouyuan Tongbao very closely resembles those of the Kaiyuan Tongbao series of cash coins produced during the Tang dynasty period.<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> It is a typical bronze ''[[Cash (Chinese coin)#Other terms relating to cash coins|Xiaoping Qian]]'' (小平錢) in size and weight, and its inscription is written using [[clerical script]].<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> The second stroke of the "Yuan" (元) character is written "picked from the left" ("元"字第二筆左挑).<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> The reverse side of the Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins sometimes have moon (crescent), star (dot), or star-moon (crescent and dot) patterns.<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> The star (dot) patterns are either left, right, up or down, and the moon patterns are not always in the same place, they are either up or down, left or right, or near a corner.<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> According to [[China|Chinese]] economic historian [[Zhao Dexin]] (赵德馨), the moon (crescent) on the back of every coin seems to represent one of the [[eight trigrams]].<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> Therefore, it is said that the moon (crescent) patterns found on Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins are closely related to the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|five elements]], [[yin and yang]], new life, and the beginning of the day (further reading: "[[Han dynasty coinage#"Yin Yang" and the "Five Elements" as the basis for Star, Moon, Cloud, and Dragon symbols on ancient Chinese coins and charms|Han dynasty coinage § "Yin Yang" and the "Five Elements" as the basis for Star, Moon, Cloud, and Dragon symbols on ancient Chinese coins and charms]]").<ref name="Dictionary-of-Chinese-Economic-History-312"/> Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins generally have a diameter of about 24 mm to 25 mm, with the largest recorded one being 25.8 mm, and the smallest one being only 22.6 mm.<ref name="Yi-Feng-2011">Yi Feng (夷风) - ''The casting background of the Zhouyuan Tongbao'' (周元通宝的铸造背景) - "Anhui Numismatics" 2011 No. 2 (《安徽钱币》2011年第2期). - Quote: "周元通宝,一般钱径在24mm至25mm左右,大型者达到25.8mm,小型者只有22.6mm;重量一般在3g至4g之间,最重者4.6g,轻者只有2.9g。"</ref> They typically weigh between 3 and 4 grams, with the heaviest recorded one being 4.6 grams, and the lightest one being only 2.9 grams.<ref name="Yi-Feng-2011"/> == List of variants of the Zhouyuan Tongbao == {{See also|List of Chinese cash coins by inscription}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Type and description !! Catalogue numbers !! Image |- | Reverse: Plain.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.12, Schjøth #414 || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Crescent located above.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.13 || |- | Reverse: Crescent located at the upper right side.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.14, FD #767&c, Schjøth #419&c || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 12.png|75px]] |- | Reverse: Crescent located right of the square central hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.15 || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 21.png|75px]] |- | Reverse: Crescent located at the lower right side.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.16 || |- | Reverse: Crescent located at the bottom.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.17 || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 22.png|75px]] |- | Reverse: Crescent located at the lower left side.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.18 || |- | Reverse: Crescent located left of the square central hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.19 || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 37.png|75px]] |- | Reverse: Crescent located at the upper left side.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.20 || |- | Reverse: Crescent below, dot left.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.21, FD #768 || |- | Reverse: Crescent above, dot below.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.22, Schjøth #427 || |- | Reverse: Dot above.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.23, FD #764 || [[File:Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通寶) - Later Zhou Dynasty - Scott Semans 38.png|75px]] |- | Reverse: Dot below.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.24 || |- | Reverse: Dot right.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.25, Schjøth #426 || |- | Obverse: Dot below ''tong'' (通).{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.26 || |- | Inscription repeated upside down on the reverse side.{{Sfn|Hartill|2005|p=114}} || Hartill #15.27, FD #769 || |} ; Catalogue numbers * '''Hartill''' = ''Cast Chinese Coins'' by David Hartill. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: [[Trafford Publishing]]. September 22, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. * '''FD''' = ''Fisher's Ding'' (丁), George A. Fisher's copy of [[Ding Fubao]]'s (丁福保) original work catalogue, 1980, 251 pages. * '''Schjøth''' = "Chinese Currency, Currency of the Far East - A Comprehensive Text Chou Dynasty, 1122 B.C.–255 B.C. Through Ch'ing Dynasty 1644 A.D.–1911 A.D." by Fredrik Schjøth and Virgil Hancock, [[Oslo|Oslow]], [[Norway]], 1929. == Zhouyuan Tongbao and superstitions == {{Further|Cash (Chinese coin)#Cash coins and superstitions}} === Traditional Chinese medicine === {{Further|Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine}} In [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM) the Zhouyuan Tongbao is believed to have preventative powers against [[malaria]] and both [[miscarriage]]s and various [[childbirth complications]], such as [[dystocia]].<ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html|title= Chinese Coins and Traditional Chinese Medicine.|quote= Another cash coin that was favored for its medicinal properties was the Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通宝) which was cast beginning in the year 956 AD during the reign of Emperor Shi Zong of the Late Zhou. A Zhou Yuan Tong Bao coin is shown at the left. Metal for the casting of these coins came from the melting down of Buddhist statues and was, therefore, considered to be of very high quality. For hundreds of years, the Chinese have used this coin in medicine to prevent miscarriages.|date=16 November 2016|access-date=10 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Zhouyuan-Tongbao-dystocia-pregnant-women">婦人手握此錢（周元通寶），可治難產（清·《因樹屋書影》）(in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref> [[Pregnancy|Pregnant]] women are advised to carry a Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coin around for both a smoother pregnancy and childbirth.<ref name="Zhouyuan-Tongbao-dystocia-pregnant-women"/> === Zhouyuan Tongbao charms === {{Further|Chinese numismatic charm|Vietnamese numismatic charm|Buddhist coin charm}} [[File:Chinese numismatic charms - Scott Semans C34.jpg|thumb|left|Various types of Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳) charms.]] As the Zhouyuan Tongbao was created from Buddhist statues the inscription very quickly became a popular inscription used on [[Chinese numismatic charm]]s (see "[[Chinese numismatic charm#Chinese charms with coin inscriptions|Chinese charms with coin inscriptions]]").<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html#zhou_yuan_tong_bao|title= Chinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions – 錢文錢。§ Later Zhou Dynasty (951 - 960)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=10 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref> As ancient Chinese people believed that Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins were "auspicious" because of there origins, this belief Was carried over to the coin charms and amulets produced during the following centuries which display the same inscription.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The general idea behind the "charm powers" of the Zhouyuan Tongbao inscription is based on the fact that the original cash coins were created from Buddhist statues meaning that their religious significance was transferred to the cash coins.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> Variant Zhouyuan Tongbao charms typically have the same observe side as the original cash coin, but the reverse side of the coin charm shows a different design.<ref>Luo Si (罗思) - ''Cupro-nickel Zhouyuan Tongbao Dragon and Phoenix Coin'' (白铜周元通宝龙凤钱) - "Xi'an Finance" Issue 5, 2005 (《西安金融》2005年第5期).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> These charms include reverse sides featuring [[Han dynasty coinage#Dots, crescents, circles, numbers, counting rods, Chinese characters, and other symbols appearing on coins|"suns" and "moons" represented by dots and crescents]], the [[Marriage coin charm#Dragon and Fenghuang charms|dragon and ''fenghuang'' symbolising matrimonial harmony]], a meditating [[Arhat|Lohan]], and other symbols.<ref>He Xiaojun (何小军) - ''Zhouyuan Tongbao flower coin with a dragon and fenghuang reverse.'' (周元通宝背龙凤花钱) - "Favourites" Issue 8, 2014 (《收藏》2014年第8期) [[Ganzhou]], [[Jiangxi]] Province (江西赣州).</ref><ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> Besides metal, Zhouyuan Tongbao charms can also be made of other materials such as [[jade]].<ref>Xue Delin (薛德林) - ''Jade Zhouyuan Tongbao'' (玉质“周元通宝”) - "Xinjiang Numismatics" 2010 No. 1 (《新疆钱币》2010年第1期).</ref> In [[Vietnam]], a number of [[Vietnamese numismatic charm|coin amulets]] with the inscription ''Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo'' (the [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] reading of the traditional Chinese characters "周元通寳") were also produced, some of the amulets with this inscription were uniquely produced and used as lucky and protective charms in Vietnam.<ref name="Craig-Greenbaum-2006">Greenbaum, Craig (2006). "Amulets of Vietnam". - Quote: "Amulet # 1 - 43 mm Copper (22.9 grams) - Obverse (Right): 周元通寶 - Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo - Original Zhou Circulating Treasure - Reverse (Left): Blank - Other References: Thierry (CMV) # 1897, 1900, 1901, 1902 & 1903 - See Also: - Chapter One – Schroeder # 505 - Chapter Two - Thierry # 179 - Chapter Two – Thierry # 1902 - Amulet made in Vietnam (Distribution: Vietnam) - Age: 18th to 19th Century - Type: Good Luck/Protective."</ref><ref name="Vietnamese-Charms-in-Paris-2016">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_11|title= The Vietnamese Charms in the Department of Coins and Medals of the French National Library.|quote= Although there are charms made of wood, paper, cloth, etc., this paper will deal with coin-shaped charms , ya sheng qian 厭勝錢 coins for submission of and triumph over demons. Traditionally, Chinese researchers present them in the final chapters of numismatic books or in their supplements. They are essentially a subject of numismatic study. It means researchers give weight, size, metal features and a brief description, without analysis of images or symbols.|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=13 August 2023|author= Emmanuel Poisson|publisher= [[Springer Publishing|Springer]] [[Singapore]]|language=en}}</ref> According to [[France|French]] numismatist [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry]] some of these Vietnamese ''Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo'' amulets had distinctive features that differentiated them from their Chinese counterparts, for example some Vietnamese amulets with this inscription are written using an elegant form of the ''bā fēn'' (八分) style of [[Chinese calligraphy]] (alternatively known as "diverting style"), which was developed during the [[Han dynasty]] period.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/414966/Amulettes_de_Chine_et_du_Vietnam_1987_ Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam, 1987] by [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] ([[Academia.edu]], in French). Item: #179.</ref><ref name="Craig-Greenbaum-2006"/> Thierry further states that the ''Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo'' amulet was especially desired by Chinese and Vietnamese women who [[Son preference in China|wished to have a male child]], as it was believed that being in possession of this amulet would increase the chances of having a son.<ref name="Craig-Greenbaum-2006"/> ==== List of Zhouyuan Tongbao charms ==== List of variants of [[Chinese numismatic charm|Chinese charms, amulets, and talismans]] based on the Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins with the same or derivative inscriptions: {{Quote box | quote = '''Abbreviations:''' t = top; b = bottom; r = right; l = left; char/ = Character amulet (inscription-only), and Char/pic = Character+pictorial amulet. | source = | width = 50% | align = center }} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Type !! Inscription {{br}}([[Traditional Chinese]]) !! [[Chinese numismatic charm#Implied and hidden meanings of Chinese numismatic charms|Meaning]] !! Catalogue numbers !! Image |- | colspan=5 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''Same inscription''' |- | Reverse: Plain. Script as the cash coin. 40 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The cash coins supposedly have amuletic properties because they were made from Buddhist statues, and are particularly perceived to be effective in midwifery - hence the many later-made imitations which closely resemble the coins. || Hartill #4.2367, ACV #178 || |- | Reverse: Plain. Char/ square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The cash coins supposedly have amuletic properties because they were made from Buddhist statues, and are particularly perceived to be effective in midwifery - hence the many later-made imitations which closely resemble the coins. || Hartill #4.2368 || |- | Reverse: Plain. Char/ square hole: 42 mm, Vietnamese.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo{{br}}(周元通寳) || The cash coins supposedly have amuletic properties because they were made from Buddhist statues, and are particularly perceived to be effective in midwifery - hence the many later-made imitations which closely resemble the coins. || Hartill #4.2369, ACV #179 || |- | Reverse: Plain. Char/ square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2373 || |- | Obverse: clockwise. Reverse: Plain. Char/ square hole: 64 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2374, CS #550 || |- | Reverse: As obverse. Char/char square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2375 || |- | Reverse: The [[Eight Trigrams]]. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2376 |- | Reverse: Dot t ☰ (The first of the Eight Trigrams). Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2377 || |- | Reverse: Crescent t. Char/pic square hole. Many of the authentic Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins also have crescents and dots, but they are rather faint.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2378 || |- | Reverse: Seated [[Buddha]] t. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2379 || |- | The reverse side shows a "moon" (represented by a crescent, see "[[Han dynasty coinage#Dots, crescents, circles, numbers, counting rods, Chinese characters, and other symbols appearing on coins|Han dynasty coinage § Dots, crescents, circles, numbers, counting rods, Chinese characters, and other symbols appearing on coins]]") between the square central hole an the rim at the 7 o'clock position.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> These coin charms typically have a diameter of 24 millimeters and a weight of 3.5 grams.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The crescent on the reverse is said to represent the moon. In [[Chinese mythology]] the moon is the residence of Jin Chan.<br>In Taoist mythology the "[[Jade Rabbit]]" ({{a.k.a.}} the "Moon Hare") lives on the moon, and is known for making the elixir of immortality. The moon is often a location for various figures from Chinese mythology. || || |- | Reverse: Seated [[Arhat]] (Lohan) around the hole. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2380 || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 11.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Seated Arhat (Lohan). Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2381 || |- | Reverse: Similar. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2382 || |- | Reverse: Fish jumping over the [[Longmen (mythology)|Dragon Gate]]. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The fish's jumping feature is set in such a proverbial Chinese idiom as "Liyu (Carp) jumps over the Dragon Gate" (鯉躍龍門), which is an idiom that conveys a vivid image symbolising a sudden uplifting in one's social status. || Hartill #4.2383 || |- | Obverse: Scrollwork on rim. Reverse: Emblems. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2384 || |- | Reverse: Seven Stars tl Sword r Snake and Tortoise b. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2385 || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 14.jpg|75px]] |- | Obverse: Broad rim. Reverse: Moon t Sword r Snake b Seven Stars 1. Char/pic squ hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2387 || |- | Reverse: Sun & Moon r Seven Stars. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2386, S #1.127. || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic squ hole: 26 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=510}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2388 || |- | A Zhouyuan Tongbao coin charm version with a reverse [[Marriage coin charm#Dragon and Fenghuang charms|dragon and ''fenghuang'' design]], some versions have a dragon on the left side and a ''fenghuang'' on its right.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The two mythical creatures are facing each other with their heads at the bottom of the reverse side of the coin charm.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The diameter of this version is 22.5 millimeters and it has a weight of 5.6 grams.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || || |- | A Zhouyuan Tongbao coin charm with a dragon and ''fenghuang'' reverse has the dragon on the right and the ''fenghuang'' on left.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The Chinese dragon, which is located on the right side of the amulet with the tip of its mouth at the 12 o'clock position and a dot representing its left eye at the 1 o'clock position. The dragon's left front claw is just above the square central hole.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> Its body curves down the right side of the coin charm and its left rear claw is depicted just below the square central hole.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> While it isn't a very easy to see on it, the wings of the ''fenghuang'' are just to the left of the square hole.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The head of the ''fenghuang'' is at the 11 o'clock position of the coin charm and the ''fenghuang's'' tail feathers are at the 7 o'clock position.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The dragon's tail is almost touching the ''fenghuang's'' upper tail feather.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> The two mythical creatures on this coin charm are depicted facing each other by showcasing their heads at the top rather than the bottom.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> This version of the Zhouyuan Tongbao charm has a diameter of 25 millimeters and weighs 6.6 grams.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || || |- | A Zhouyuan Tongbao coin charm version with the dragon is on the right and the ''fenghuang'' is on the left has them sculpted in high relief.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> Like the above variant these two mythical creatures face each other at the top of the charm, depicting both heads there.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> This version of the charm has a diameter of 23.5 millimeters and weighs 6.8 grams.<ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty"/> || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || || |- | Reverse: Dragon. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2389 || |- | Reverse: Shaggy Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2390 || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2391 || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole: 22 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2392, CC #154 || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole: 23 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2393, AC #269, CS #139 || [[File:Chou Yüan T'ung Pao charm - John Ferguson 01.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic squ hole: 26 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2394, AC #270 || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2395, CS #138 (25 mm), AC #271 (28 mm) || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 02.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square squ hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2396 || |- | Reverse: Dragon and ''fenghuang''. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2397 || |- | Rev: Dragon and Flaming Pearl. Char/pic square hole: 25 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2398 || |- | Obverse: ''Lei wen'' rim. Reverse: Dragon in high relief. Char/pic square hole. 20th century.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2399 || |- | Rev: Dragon and ''fenghuang'' in high relief. Char/pic square hole. Late 19th-early 20th century.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=511}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2400, CC #441 (60 mm), ACV #162 (63 mm) || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 03.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: [[Zhou Chu]] [[Dragonslayer|killing the Dragon]]. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2401, ACV #264 (37 mm), AC #177-8 (38 mm) || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 21.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Zhou Chu killing the Dragon. Char/pic square hole: 28 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2402, AC #179 || |- | Reverse: Zhou Chu killing an emaciated Dragon. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2403 || [[File:Zhouyuan Tongbao charms (周元通寶花錢) - Scott Semans 16.jpg|75px]] |- | Reverse: Zhou Chu killing the Dragon. Engraving on field. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2404 || |- | Reverse: Zhou Chu killing the Tiger. Char/pic square hole: 39 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2405, AC #180 || |- | Reverse: Four loving couples engaging in [[sexual intercourse]]. Char/pic squ hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2407, Cf AC3 #10 || |- | Reverse: 4 loving couples having sex in different positions. Char/char square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2408 || |- | Reverse: Sun and Moon symbols r & l. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳) || || Hartill #4.2409 || |- | Reverse: Dui (兌) ☱ t & b. The second of the Eight Trigrams. Char/char square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Dui Dui{{br}}(周元通寳 - 兌☱) || || Hartill #4.2410 || |- | Reverse: [[Ban Liang]] (半兩) written in Chinese [[seal script]]. Crescent t Eight Trigrams around Yin Yang b. - Char/var square hole: 40 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao{{br}}(周元通寳 - 半兩) || || Hartill #4.2411 || |- | Reverse: Similar. Ban Liang (半兩) in [[regular script]].{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Ban Liang {{br}}(周元通寳 - 半兩) || || Hartill #4.2412 || |- | Reverse: Sun 日 (Sun) r Moon b 月 (Moon) l. Char/var squ hole: 24 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=512}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Ri Yue{{br}}(周元通寳 - 日月) || || Hartill #4.2413, CC #153 || |- | Reverse: A 龍鳳 (Dragon, ''fenghuang''). Char/char square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Long Feng{{br}}(周元通寳 - 龍鳳) || The dragon and ''fenghuang'' are often used as a symbol of harmony in marriage. Often the dragon is used to represent the emperor and the ''fenghuang'' the empress-consort. || Hartill #4.2414 || |- | Reverse: 平南 (Peace, South - meaning not clear). Char/char square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Ping Nan{{br}}(周元通寳 - 平南) || || Hartill #4.2415 || |- | Reverse: 文王 ([[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]]). Char/char square hole. King Wen was the King of Zhou (1152 - 1056 BC) during the late [[Shang dynasty]] period in [[ancient China]]. He was posthumously honoured as the founder of the [[Zhou dynasty]].{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Wen Wang{{br}}(周元通寳 - 文王) || || Hartill #4.2416 || |- | Obverse: Double rim. Reverse: The Twelve Zodiac characters. Char/char square hole: 26 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai{{br}}(周元通寳 - 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥) || || Hartill #4.2417, S #1.140 || |- | Obverse: 天府 (Heavenly Office) on loop. Reverse: Zhou Chu killing the Tiger. 蟾宮 (Palace of the Toad) on loop. Fancy loop [[Chinese pendant charm]], leaves char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Tongbao - Tian Fu - Chan Gong (周元通寳 - 天府 - 蟾宮) || || Hartill #4.2418 || |- | colspan=5 align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | '''Derivative inscription''' |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan (The period title of a Five Dynasties Emperor). Sun r Moon l. Reverse: The Eight Trigrams. Char/pic square hole: 67 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=508}} || Zhou Yuan{{br}}(周元) || || Hartill #4.2359, CS #586 || |- | Obverse: 日 (Sun) r 月 (Moon) l top. F 天下 (Earth) r & l below. Reverse: Dot and Crescent t Figures r & l. ''Sword?'' b. Char/pic square hole: 40 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=508}} || Zhouyuan Tianxia - Ri Yue{{br}}(周元天下 - 日月) || || Hartill #4.2360, CS #450 || |- | Obverse: 日 (Sun) r 月 (Moon) l, Lucky Clouds below. Reverse: The Eight Trigrams. Var/pic square hole: 23 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=508}} || Zhouyuan Riyue{{br}}(周元日月) || || Hartill #4.2361, CC #155 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Ri Yue (Zhou Yuan, Sun and Moon). Reverse: The Eight Trigrams in cells. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Riyue{{br}}(周元日月) || || Hartill #4.2363 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Tian Lian (Zhou Yuan Heavenly Connection). Dot tl crescent tr. Reverse: 龍鳳 (Dragon and ''fenghuang''). t & b. Char/char square hole: 35 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Tianlian - Long Feng{{br}}(周元天連 - 龍鳳) || || Hartill #4.2362, CS #448 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Cui Sheng (Zhou Yuan, Midwifery). Reverse: The Eight Trigrams in radial cells. Char/pic square hole: 36 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Cuisheng{{br}}(周元催生) || It is believed that carrying around a Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coin helps women during pregnancy and childbirth. || Hartill #4.2364, CC #350 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Cui Sheng (Zhou Yuan, Midwifery). Reverse: 龍鳳 (Dragon and ''fenghuang'') t & b ''Figures?'' l & r. Char/var square hole 37 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Cuisheng - Long Feng {{br}}(周元催生 - 龍鳳) || It is believed that carrying around a Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coin helps women during pregnancy and childbirth. || Hartill #4.2365, CS #449 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Cui Sheng (Zhou Yuan, Midwifery). Reverse: Chan Zhong Yong Bao (During Childbirth Always Protect). Char/char square squ hole: 26 mm.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=509}} || Zhouyuan Cuisheng - Chanzhong Yongbao{{br}}(周元催生 - 產中永保) || It is believed that carrying around a Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coin helps women during pregnancy and childbirth. || Hartill #4.2366, S #4.65 || |- | Obverse: Zhou Yuan Bu Yi (Zhou Yuan, Divination with the Trigrams). Reverse: The Eight Trigrams. Char/pic square hole.{{Sfn|Hartill|2020|p=513}} || Zhouyuan Buyi{{br}}(周元卜易) || See: [[Cash coins in fortune telling]] || Hartill #4.2419 || |} ; Catalogue numbers * '''Hartill''' = ''Cast Chinese Amulets'' by David Hartill (13 August 2020). * '''ACV''' = ''Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam'' by [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]], [[Paris]] (1987), in [[French language|French]]. * '''AC''' = ''Amulettes de Chine'' by François Thierry de Crussol, [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (2008), in [[French language|French]]. * '''CC''' = ''Classic Chinese Charms''. Editor: Zheng Yiwei, Deputy Editors: Guo Yi-ling et al. [[Shanghai]] (2004). * '''CS''' = Sequel of Classic Chinese Charms. Editor Zheng Yiwei, Deputy Editors Liu Yuan, Li Guangjie. Shanghai 2006. * '''S''' = С. Н. ШЕВЦОВ - ''КИТАЙСКИЕ МОНЕТОВИАНЫЕ АМУЛЕТЫ НАЛПИСИ, CIOжEты, CимВОлы'' (Sergei Shevtsov - Chinese Coin Amulets. Inscriptions, Narration, Symbols), [[Moscow]] (2019). == Manufacturing process == During the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] the method employed to produce cash coins was known as the "[[sand casting]] method" (翻砂法), which was a technique where cash coins were cast using vertically arranged two-piece moulds.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting">{{cite web|url= https://www.academia.edu/25740794/Mints_and_Minting_in_Late_Imperial_China_Technology_Organisation_and_Problems|title= Mints and Minting in Late Imperial China Technology Organisation and Problems.|date=2015|access-date=13 August 2023|author= Cao Jin (曹晉)|publisher= [[Academia.edu]]|language=en}}</ref> This technique allowed a large number of cash coins to be produced in batches.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> In the sand casting method the preparation of moulds was done with fine sand which was reinforced using an organic binder, and placed inside of a wooden box.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> Consistency of the designs was maintained through the creation of "[[mother coin]]s" (母錢).<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/><ref>Zheng Jiaxiang (鄭家相) and Zeng Jingyi (曾敬儀) - ‘Lidai tongzhi huobi yezhu fa jianshuo’ (歷代銅質貨幣冶鑄法簡說) [A brief introduction to the methods of casting copper coins in the history], in Wenwu (文物) [Cutural relics], 4 (1959), pp. 68–70. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]]).</ref> Around 50 to 100 "mother coins" were pressed lightly into the surface of the mould box and was followed by the placing down of a second mould box on top of the first one.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> This allowed for an impression to be taken of both sides of the pattern of the mother coin.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> After the impression was taken the mould boxes would be turned over and separated, which would allow the mother coin to stay placed on the surface or the lower mould.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> A new fresh mould box would subsequently be laid on top and this allowed the pair to be turned and separated again. Using this methodology, the mint workers obtained a series of two-piece moulds.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> Afterwards, the casting channels between the cash coin imprints and a central tunnel were cleared out, allowing the boxes to be fixed together in pairs of two. The final step involved the pouring in of molten metal.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/> When the process was done and the metal was allowed to cool down a "[[Coin tree (casting)|coin tree]]" was formed, from this "coin tree" the cash coins could be separated and cleaned up.<ref name="Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting"/><ref>Sheridan Bowman, Michael Cowell and Joe Cribb. ''"Two thousand years of coinage in China: an analytical survey"'' in [[Helen Wang|Wang, Helen]] et al. (eds.) (2005). p. 5.</ref> == Hoards of Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins == {{See also|List of coin hoards in China}} * In March 1997, on the bank of the Hun river in [[Qingshuihe County]], [[Inner Mongolia]], a jar of cash coins weighing 7 kilograms was unearthed.<ref name="Qingshuihe-hoard-1997">Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - ''Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao"'' (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "1997年3月,在清水河境内的浑河岸边,出土一罐窖藏钱币,重7公斤,数量最多的是宋钱,辽金钱比较少,较早的有唐代的"开元通宝",还有30多枚"周元通宝",以金代的"大定通宝"为最晚。".</ref> The jar contained over 30 Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins among other coins, with the Jurchen-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] period Dading Tongbao (大定通寶) being the latest.<ref name="Qingshuihe-hoard-1997"/> The cash coins stored in the jar are well preserved because they were buried in an arid and less rainy area.<ref>Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - ''Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao"'' (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "此罐窖藏钱币因埋于干旱少雨地区,且在干燥避潮的黄土层中,故保存完好,尤以出土的"周元通宝",做工细腻精良,品相极佳。".</ref> == See also == * [[Kangxi Tongbao]], also known as "Arhat money". == Explenatory notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * {{cite book |last=Hartill |first= David |year=2005 |title=Cast Chinese Coins |location=Trafford, UK}} * {{cite book |last=Hartill |first= David |year=2020 |title=Cast Chinese Amulets}} == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Zhouyuan Tongbao}} {{Chinese cash coin}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of ancient China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Cash coins by inscription]] .

Standard reference templates

Usually recurring sources

2023

December 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2023.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2022

December 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

March 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2022.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2021

December 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

June 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

May 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

April 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2021.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2020

December 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

October 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

November 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

September 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

August 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

<ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

July 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

June 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

May 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, ~~except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.~~

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

April 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

March 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

February 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

January 2020.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

2019

December 2019.

<ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

<ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="HoreshQing"/>

<ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimalQing"/>

<ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>

<ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>

<ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
- <ref name="Brill2015"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>

<ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
- <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

Sources to use

https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00530-3
- <ref name="Chemical-studies-of-Chinese-coinage-II-Heritage-Science">{{cite web|url= https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-021-00530-3|title= Chemical studies of Chinese coinage II: from Qin to Yuan (221 BCE–1368 CE).|date=22 May 2021|accessdate=10 August 2023|author= A. M. Pollard & Ruiliang Liu|publisher= Heritage Science|language=en}} Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</ref>

https://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html
- <ref name="Primaltrek-Chinese-Coins-and-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesemedicine.html|title= Chinese Coins and Traditional Chinese Medicine.|quote= Another cash coin that was favored for its medicinal properties was the Zhou Yuan Tong Bao (周元通宝) which was cast beginning in the year 956 AD during the reign of Emperor Shi Zong of the Late Zhou. A Zhou Yuan Tong Bao coin is shown at the left. Metal for the casting of these coins came from the melting down of Buddhist statues and was, therefore, considered to be of very high quality. For hundreds of years, the Chinese have used this coin in medicine to prevent miscarriages.|date=16 November 2016|access-date=10 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primal Trek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Zhouyuan-Tongbao-dystocia-pregnant-women">婦人手握此錢（周元通寶），可治難產（清·《因樹屋書影》）(in [[Classical Chinese]]).</ref>

https://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html#zhou_yuan_tong_bao
- <ref name="Primaltrek-Qianwenqian-Later-Zhou-Dynasty">{{cite web|url= https://primaltrek.com/coinlegend.html#zhou_yuan_tong_bao|title= Chinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions – 錢文錢。§ Later Zhou Dynasty (951 - 960)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=10 August 2023|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref>

Ma T, Xing Q, Li M, et al. Discussion of the buddha-destroy coins in Chinese coin history. Orient Arch. 2018;15:78–91 (in Mandarin Chinese).

https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces211805.html

Hartill 114.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23729988.2019.1639454
- <ref name="Yongshan-He-2019">{{cite web|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23729988.2019.1639454|title= Commoditization of the sacred: production and transaction of Buddhist statues in fifth- to tenth-century China.|date=20 September 2019|accessdate=13 August 2023|author= Yongshan He|publisher= Studies in Chinese Religions - Volume 5, 2019 - Issue 2: Buddhism and Economic Life in East Asia|language=en}}</ref>

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_11 (… The coins of Emperor Taizu (太祖 ) (AD 951–954) of Later Zhou 後周 (AD 951–960), which bore this inscription, were casted with metal from the Buddhist statues and objects …)
- <ref name="Vietnamese-Charms-in-Paris-2016">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1793-3_11|title= The Vietnamese Charms in the Department of Coins and Medals of the French National Library.|quote= Although there are charms made of wood, paper, cloth, etc., this paper will deal with coin-shaped charms , ya sheng qian 厭勝錢 coins for submission of and triumph over demons. Traditionally, Chinese researchers present them in the final chapters of numismatic books or in their supplements. They are essentially a subject of numismatic study. It means researchers give weight, size, metal features and a brief description, without analysis of images or symbols.|date=10 December 2016|accessdate=13 August 2023|author= Emmanuel Poisson|publisher= [[Springer Publishing|Springer]] [[Singapore]]|language=en}}</ref>

Hu Jinhua (胡金华) & Guo Xiaoming (郭晓明) - Trial Analysis of Zhou Yuan Tongbao Folk Money Patterns (周元通宝民俗钱图案试析) - "Cultural Relics Spring and Autumn" 2008 No. 6 (《文物春秋》2008年第6期) - Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, Shijiazhuang, Hebei (河北省文物研究所, 河北石家庄).

Zodiacs

Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai

子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥

Zi chǒu yín mǎo chén sì wǔ wèi shēn yǒu xū hài

Bottom.

| Obverse: Zhou Yuan Bu Yi (Zhou Yuan, Divination with the Trigrams). Reverse: The Eight Trigrams. Char/pic square hole. || Zhouyuan Buyi
(周元卜易) || || Hartill #4.2419 ||

PAGE 513.

== Cut text from "Manufacturing process" == .

, which were either individually produced or were identical copies of a single "ancestor coin" (祖錢).

March 1997 coin hoard

1997

1997 (Mainland China)

List of 1997 coin hoards in Mainland China
Date of discovery	Place of discovery	Image	Content	Long description of the find and notes	Date (if known)	Current location (if known)
March 1997	Hun river, Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia		A jar filled with Jurchen Jin dynasty cash coins and Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳) cash coins.	In March 1997, on the bank of the Hun river in Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia, a jar of cash coins weighing 7 kilograms was unearthed.^[1] The jar contained over 30 Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳) cash coins among other coins, with the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty period Dading Tongbao (大定通寶) being the latest.^[1] The cash coins stored in the jar are well preserved because they were buried in an arid and less rainy area.^[2]

^ ^a ^b Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao" (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "1997年3月,在清水河境内的浑河岸边,出土一罐窖藏钱币,重7公斤,数量最多的是宋钱,辽金钱比较少,较早的有唐代的"开元通宝",还有30多枚"周元通宝",以金代的"大定通宝"为最晚。".
^ Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao" (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "此罐窖藏钱币因埋于干旱少雨地区,且在干燥避潮的黄土层中,故保存完好,尤以出土的"周元通宝",做工细腻精良,品相极佳。".

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Zhouyuan Tongbao]]

Zhouyuan tongbao.
Zhou Yuan Tong Bao.
周元通寶.
周元通宝.
Zhouyuan tong bao.
zhouyuan tongbao.
Zhōu yuán tōng bǎo.
Zhōu Yuán Tōng Bǎo.
Zhōu yuán tōngbǎo.
Zhōuyuán Tōngbǎo.
周元通寳, factually correct contemporary spelling that for some reason is only used by the Japanese today.
Chou Yüan T'ung Pao.
Chouyüan T'ungpao.
Chouyuan Tungpao.
Chou Yuan Tung Pao.
Chouyuan tungpao.
Chou Yuan tung pao.
Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo

Earliest recorded mother coins

Mother coins (traditional Chinese: 母錢; simplified Chinese: 母钱; pinyin: mǔ qián), alternatively known as seed coins, matrix coins,^[1] or model coins (樣錢).^[2]

== History ==

Before modern industrial patterns were introduced into almost all fields of production, coin mints can be considered to be an outstanding example of an early form of mass production of attempting to create identical objects, or those as standardised and as similar to each other as possible.^[1] Therefore, it wasn't only just the technological knowledge and the techniques that were applied which mattered, but also the general organisation and especially the division of labour that were crucially regarded of being of paramount importance to the assessment of both the efficiency and quality of the work of coin mints.^[1] It wasn't until the Song dynasty period that contemporary sources started to actively record the works of coin mints to give insights into these early instances of mass production.^[3]^[1]

The Song dynasty period saw an especially high demand for cash coins leading to not only bronze cash coins but also iron cash coins being mass produced for the market.^[1] During this period government operated coin mints were generally divided into 2 types, namely bronze cash coin mints and iron cash coins mints.^[1] However, this division wasn't absolute and at times bronze cash coin mints would produce iron cash coins.^[1] During the Northern Song dynasty period a scarce number of sources started providing written evidence for both the usage of the "sand casting method" (翻砂法) and the application of mother coins to this process.^[1]^[4] The Song huiyao jigao (宋會要輯稿) provides the earliest known evidence for the application of mother coins into the production process of cash coins.^[1]^[5]

“…, in the first year of the Daguan reign-period (1107), the Yongfeng mint (永豐監) cast by turning the cash coins (小ᖹ錢, xiaopingqian) with the imperial calligraphy saying ‘Daguan tongbao’ (大觀通寶) on them.”

- "Criminal Law", Song huiyao jigao (宋會要輯稿).^[1]

The History of Song records that during the year Daguan 1 that the emperor of the Song dynasty would distribute both "cash coin samples" (錢式) and mother coins to all cash coin producing circuits.^[6]^[1] Later the Rhapsody of the Great Smelting (大冶賦) published in the year 1210 records a poem that completely details the cash coin manufacturing process detailing its use of mother coins.^[1] Both of these works explicitly mentioning how mother coins were applied in the sand casting method at the time and how they were used to form the patterns for cash coins in the sand moulds.^[1]

Notably, the Rhapsody of the Great Smelting records the sentence "scrubbing the cash coins with grain chaff", which wouldn't be mentioned again in the historical records 689 years later in the Qing dynasty period 1899 book A Survey of Casting Coins (鑄錢述略), which indicated the long continued usage of this method.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Cao Jin (曹晉) (2015). "Mints and Minting in Late Imperial China Technology Organisation and Problems". Academia.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Qianpu 錢譜.". By Ulrich Theobald (Chinaknowledge - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art). 5 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2023. During the Republican period (1911-1949), the Imperial Palace Museum (at that time called Guoli Beiping gugong bowuyuan 國立北平故宮博物院) published a collection of coin catalogues from the possession of the imperial palace, called Gugong Qing qianpu 故宮清錢譜. It includes the illustrations of 284 zuqian 祖錢 "progenitor coins", muqian 母錢 "mother coins" or yangqian 樣錢 "model coins" that served as the standards for official coins.
^ Hua Jueming (華覺明) and Zhang Hongli (張宏禮) - ‘Songdai zhuqian gongyi yanjiu’ (宋代鑄錢工藝研究) [A research of the coin casting technology in the Song Dynasty], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu (自然科學史研究) [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 1 (1988), pp. 38–47.
^ Hong Zikui (洪咨夔), Pingzhai Wenji (ᖹ齋文集), chap. 1.
^ Song huiyao jigao (宋會要輯稿), chapter of “Criminal Law”, p. 8615.
^ Song shi (宋史), vol. 13, chap. 180, p. 4392. (in Classical Chinese).

[Qingshuihe-hoard-1997-1] Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao" (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "1997年3月,在清水河境内的浑河岸边,出土一罐窖藏钱币,重7公斤,数量最多的是宋钱,辽金钱比较少,较早的有唐代的"开元通宝",还有30多枚"周元通宝",以金代的"大定通宝"为最晚。".

[2] Yuan Jinming (袁金铭) - Jin Dynasty cellar collection and "Zhouyuan Tongbao" (金代窖藏与“周元通宝”) - "Inner Mongolia Financial Research", Issue S4, 2003 (《内蒙古金融研究》2003年第S4期). Quote: "此罐窖藏钱币因埋于干旱少雨地区,且在干燥避潮的黄土层中,故保存完好,尤以出土的"周元通宝",做工细腻精良,品相极佳。".

[Cao-Jin-Cash-coin-casting-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Cao Jin (曹晉) (2015). "Mints and Minting in Late Imperial China Technology Organisation and Problems". Academia.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

[ChinaKnowledge-Qianpu-4] "Qianpu 錢譜.". By Ulrich Theobald (Chinaknowledge - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art). 5 December 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2023. During the Republican period (1911-1949), the Imperial Palace Museum (at that time called Guoli Beiping gugong bowuyuan 國立北平故宮博物院) published a collection of coin catalogues from the possession of the imperial palace, called Gugong Qing qianpu 故宮清錢譜. It includes the illustrations of 284 zuqian 祖錢 "progenitor coins", muqian 母錢 "mother coins" or yangqian 樣錢 "model coins" that served as the standards for official coins.

[5] Hua Jueming (華覺明) and Zhang Hongli (張宏禮) - ‘Songdai zhuqian gongyi yanjiu’ (宋代鑄錢工藝研究) [A research of the coin casting technology in the Song Dynasty], in Ziran kexue shi yanjiu (自然科學史研究) [Studies in the history of natrual sciences], 1 (1988), pp. 38–47.

[6] Hong Zikui (洪咨夔), Pingzhai Wenji (ᖹ齋文集), chap. 1.

[7] Song huiyao jigao (宋會要輯稿), chapter of “Criminal Law”, p. 8615.

[8] Song shi (宋史), vol. 13, chap. 180, p. 4392. (in Classical Chinese).

[1]

[2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]