User:Donald Trung/Shengbao (聖寶)

This page serves as "the editing history" for the article Shengbao.

Original draft

[[File:Vault Protector Coin of Taiping Kingdom.jpg|thumb|right|A [[vault protector coin]] of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.]] The '''currency of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]''' ({{zh|t=聖寶|s=圣宝| hp=Shèngbǎo| l=Holy treasure|| links=yes}})<ref>TaipingRebellion.com 太平天囯 Tai Ping Tian Guo - [http://taipingrebellion.com/coins.htm Coins of the Taiping]. Retrieved: 30 August 2018.</ref> consisted of [[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash coins]] and [[paper money]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecurrencycollector.com/|title=Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace |author= |date= |website=The Currency Collector |publisher= |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref> although the paper money produced by the Taiping rebels was unlikely to have been in large numbers as they are rare today. The first cash coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were issued in the year 1853 in the capital of [[Tianjing]] (present day [[Nanjing]]). The cash coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom should not be confused with the [[Taiping Tongbao]] (太平通寳) which was issued during the [[Northern Song dynasty]] between the years 976 and 997,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china8.htm#ching|title= Chinese Cast Coins - THE CH'ING DYNASTY § Tai Ping Rebels.|date=2015|accessdate=30 August 2018|work= by Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery - Chinese Cast Coins).|language=en}}</ref> or with any other contemporary rebel coinage that also bear this inscription.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=429}} Most cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were made from [[bronze]] with a smaller quantity being made from either [[iron]] or [[lead]]. Taiping rebellion cash coins made from either [[gold]] or [[silver]] are also known to exist but are extremely rare.<ref name="primaltrek-saved-from-furnace">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/06/01/taiping-rebellion-coins/|title= Taiping Rebellion Coins Saved from Furnace.|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=30 August 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref><ref>The “Chutian City News” (楚天都市报). - [http://finance.sina.cn/?sa=t74d5782253v39&from=wap Grandfather Saved Iron Coins from the Taiping Rebellion]. Published: 5 May 2011. Retrieved: 1 June 2011. (in [[Mandarin Chinese]] using [[Simplified Chinese characters]])</ref> The reason why the Shengbao tend to be very diverse is because the central government of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had allowed local power-holders within their realm to produce their own cash coins within their jurisdiction. == History == [[File:1 Tael - Kingdom of Heavenly Peace.jpg|thumb|left|A banknote of 1 [[tael]] issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.]] In 1850 the [[Taiping Rebellion]] was started by the head of the [[God worshippers]] [[Hong Xiuquan]] who founded the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, this rebellion lasted until 1864.<ref>Chinese Numismatics in Research - [http://ykleungn.tripod.com/taiping.htm Taiping Tien Kuo - The Peasant Insurrectionary army Coinage] by Y.K. Leung. Retrieved: 30 August 2018.</ref> Despite its brief existence the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is known to have cast a number of different cash coins and varieties of them the denominations of all Shengbao notably weren’t written down on the cash coins and had to be deduced by weight which made it an inconvenience for the people, some varieties of Shengbao are extremely rare such as a variant of the Taiping Shengbao with the inscription written as "太平聖宝" (using the [[simplified Chinese character]] "{{linktext|宝}}") instead of the more conventional "太平聖寶". However as Taiping rebellion era cash coins are very popular with [[Coin collecting|coin collectors]] a large quantity of Taiping Rebellion cash coins as well as "fantasy" cash coins (杜撰) exist, "fantasy coins" refer to supposed varieties of Shengbao that have never actually existed.<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#Taiping_Rebellion_1850-1864|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 § Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864).|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 August 2018|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> Although very little documentation exists about the coinage manufactured by the Taiping rebels, it is known that in June 1853 the occupying Taiping rebels ordered copper workers in [[Nanjing|Tianjing]] with the skills to cast coins to open new furnaces for the production of cash coins with the inscription Tianguo Shengbao that were reported to be "the size of foreign coins" ([[Mexican peso]]s), these coins were reported to be of very poor workmanship and their production was quickly discontinued and although no coins fitting this description are extend it is known that Taiping rebels in other areas and provinces did cast coinage.{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425}} Cash coins with the inscription Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯) on the obverse and the Chinese characters Shengbao (聖寶) on the reverse are known to have been cast with inscriptions written in "[[Song dynasty|Song]] period-style script" (方體宋子), [[regular script]] (楷書), and [[Yinqiwen]] (隱起文), the latter of which refers to a type of Chinese cash coin which de to their [[Cast coinage|manufacturing process]] have characters that display an unevenness in the height of the strokes of the Hanzi characters which cause some strokes to rise a bit higher than others. Among the rares varieties of Shengbao cash coins include a Tianguo Taiping (天囯太平) cash coin which has its inscription written in "Song period-style script" with the Shengbao (聖寶) characters on the reverse side of the coin written in a vertical position which is referred to as ''zhí dú'' (直讀) or a "2 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]]-sized" (折二) Tianguo Shengbao (天囯聖寶) cash coin with the characters Taiping (太平) written in a vertical manner on its reverse side.<ref name="primaltrek"/> Among the more common types of Shengbao are three types of cash coins, one was a Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯) written in regular script which had the characters Shengbao (聖寶) on their reverse and were issued in the denominations 1 wén (which were known as "Xiaoping", 小平, and weighed 3 grams), 5 wén (5 grams), 10 wén (8 grams), 50 wén (12 grams), and 100 wén (31 grams). These coins typically have wide rims which were excellently polished and were based on the [[Xianfeng coinage|Xianfeng era coinage]] produced at the [[Suzhou]] mint. The second type of common Shengbao originate from [[Hengyang]], [[Hunan]] and are heavier than the first type but generally have a lower amount of [[copper]] in their [[Copper-alloy|alloy]], their inscriptions are written in Song period-style script, have less accurately polished rims, and were issued in denominations of 1 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, and 100 wén. The third type was also Hunanese in origin and bore the same inscription as the aforementioned coins written in regular script but the words Shengbao (聖寶) were written horizontally from [[right-to-left]] around the square center hole on the reverse, the Chinese characters of these cash coins were not protruding from the surface as high as those of the other types of Shengbao. These coins were issued in the denominations of 1 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén, and 100 wén.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html#coppercash|title= Qing Period Money|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=30 August 2018|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]] - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art).|language=en}}</ref> == List of cash coins issued by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom == The following cash coins are known to have been cast by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom:{{sfn|Hartill|2005|p=425-428}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Obverse inscription (Romanised) !! Reverse inscription (Romanised) !! Denominations !! Years of production !! Image |- | 天囯 (Tianguo) || 通寳 (Tongbao) || 10 [[Chinese cash (currency unit)|wén]] || 1853–1855 || |- | 天囯 (Tianguo) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 10 wén || 1856–1860 || |- | 天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao) || 太平 (Taiping) || 1 wén || 1858–1864 || |- | 天囯聖寶 (Tianguo Shengbao) || || 5 wén || 1850s || |- | 太平天囯 (Taiping Tianguo) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 1 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, 50 wén || 1860–1862 || |- | 天囯太平 (Tianguo Taiping) || 聖寶 (Shengbao) || 1 wén || 1861–1864 || |- | 太平聖寶 (Taiping Shengbao) || 天囯 (Tianguo) || 1 wén, 5 wén || 1861–1864 || |- | 太平聖宝 (Taiping Shengbao)<ref name="primaltrek"/> || 天囯 (Tianguo) || || 1860s || |} == See also == * [[Qing dynasty coinage]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). ''Cast Chinese Coins''. [[Trafford]], [[United Kingdom]]: Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1412054669}}. {{Commonscat|Coins of Taiping Kingdom}} {{Chinese currency and coinage}} [[:Category:Coins of China]] [[:Category:Economy of China]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] [[:Category:Taiping Rebellion]] .

Redirects

#REDIRECT [[Shengbao]]

# 聖寶.

Shèngbǎo.

Standard reference templates

August 2018.

<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thecurrencycollector.com/|title=Money of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace |author= |date= |website=The Currency Collector |publisher= |access-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html#coppercash|title= Qing Period Money|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=30 August 2018|work= By Ulrich Theobald ([[Chinaknowledge]] - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art).|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=31 March 2013|accessdate= August 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url= |title= |date=|accessdate= August 2018|work= |language=en}}</ref>