Wikipedia

User:Dfish21/sandbox

Week 13

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Added photo and made edit to the spiracle section

Week 12

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Moved the body paragraph from my sandbox onto the stingrays main page. Linked words are working appropriately as well as citations are linking properly.

Week 11

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Dorsal view of stingray. Arrows are pointing to the two spiracles.

New image added with arrows to show where the spiracles are.

Week 10

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Spiracle

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Dorsal view of Stingray

The stingrays respiratory system is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. Thus, while hunting the stingray utilizes its second respiratory system, called a spiracle, which is an opening on the dorsal side of the head that is just caudal to their eyes. With the spiracle, can draw water directly into their gills for gas exchange[1]. This system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same volume of water as the mouth, however it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.

Other

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Edited the Morphology article. Moved both gross and molecular morphology to the divisions rather than having them in the history section. Fixed minor grammar errors in the definitions.


Article Evaluation: Morphology. The article looks incomplete. Offer more historical context on the people included as "Other important theorists". Why are they important? Specifically, why are the important to biological morphology? Rewrite the history section into a paragraph to make it more complete, as well as tie the different sentences together that make it choppy currently. Move the definitions of molecular morphology and gross morphology to "Divisions of Morphology" section of the article. Reevaluate if "In English-speaking countries" is necessary or not. In the "Morphology and Classification" section, add the breakdown of analogy, homology, and homoplasy. Define each of the terms and explain it's relevance to the topic. This section already touches on it briefly, but never fully mentions each of these. With the definitions, provide examples of each (And possibly pictures to help better illustrate what is being said). Dfish21 (talk) 19:58, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Group work: Morphology Article Rewrite the history section as a paragraph rather than unrelated pieces of content. Give more context on the important people in the history of morphology. Include information for why morphology is important, and how it is used in biology, medicine, etc. Add definitions for analogy, homology, and homoplasy and how it relates to morphology in the Morphology and classification section. Fix the "3D cell morphology" section as it appears to be accidental was created in its own section. Reevaluate sources and ensure there is no plagiarism as many parts do not have having citations, as well as the citations at the bottom seem incomplete.

Group question needs most attention: Would it be useful to add information about why morphology is useful in biology, as well as adding further definitions in the classification section such as homoplasy, analogy, and homology?

Week 4: Dissection list: Turtle: The turtle is the only armored one of the land animals listed, and I'd be interested explore what is underneath the shell as it is something most people will never see.
Rabbit: As I'm interested in becoming a doctor, I'd like to dissect a mammal to give me a better understanding of mammals in general.
Stingray: Marine biology has always been an interest since I took a zoology course last year, so dissecting a marine animal would be interesting. Also, my last name is fish, how is this not a perfect fit?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_shell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton

Or, depending on the animal I get, edit the page that deals with the specific species (Ex.: Specific species of turtle)


Week 5: Stingray article edit plans
There is nothing specifically about the respiratory system of the stingray on the stingray's Wikipedia page. The goal would be to read literature about the stingrays respiratory system and use images from our dissection to clearly show the respiratory system and how it supports other systems such as the circulatory system.
Goals: Add information on the respiratory system (How the stingrays utilize it: Is it passive? Is it active? If it is active, is it a sucking action or a diaphragm?), add images of the respiratory system (Maybe even pictures edited with labels to help show what organ is what, etc.), Discuss how the respiratory system supports other systems in the body as well as the organism as a whole. I will use citations form literature to explain how the respiratory system works. I will also link other Wikipedia articles that are relevant (Such as respiratory system in general).

Respiratory System: Discuss how string rays perform gas exchange. Make note of the spiracle and its usefulness for organisms such as the ray. Also, provide labeled pictures of different structures relevant to the respiratory system.
Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Pp 413-450

Spiracle

The stingrays respiratory is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. This is where their second system comes into play, using a dorsal opening on the head called a spiracle, they can draw in water directly into their gills for gas exchange[1]. While this system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same amount of water as the mouth, it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.

Picture plan: During our dissection of the stingray, I will take pictures of the external view of the stingray, as well as the muscles involved in the control of the spiracle. If needed, the pictures will be annotated to show exactly what is being discussed in the paragraph.

Week 9

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Peer Review Responses

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Going back to the draft, I plan on adding the link to the spiracle page where it was first used.I also plan to implement the grammar fixes noted in the copy edit. Regarding the images, I will search for images on Wikipedia that might be of use, but due to this section being particularly about the stingray's spiracle I think it might be more useful to try and use my own images from our groups dissection. Overall I'm not opposed to using both, I just think having my own images will be useful. I also still plan to annotate the images where appropriate to fit well with my contribution to the page. I also think I will do some research on the muscles for the spiracle and try to include that in my contribution.

Aside from my own, I like the suggestion about ensuring that when this is added to the page to coordinate with the other group members to make it flow as smoothly as possible, but this is something that I think is best accomplished towards the end near publishing.

Thanks for all of the feedback!

Week 7

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Derek Fish's copyedit

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Below I went through and made some grammar changes to the topics. I also left some feedback in bold so it is easy to find. For the most part I think it is coming along nicely, just keep refining it. Try looking at how the rest of the page is and mimic the style so that it fits in perfectly. If you have any questions or want me to take a look at any changes made feel free to ask!

Draft #1 - Moray Eel

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Kristi (Evolutionary History):

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The two main subspecies of the Moray Eel are defined as Muraeninae and Uropterygiinae.[2] These two monophyletic groups are distinctly defined by the location of their fins.[2] In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found begin near the gill slits and runs all the way down the back of the eel, while the anal fin is just directly behind the anus.[2] Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails.[2]

Pleomerism, or is the process of elongation due to the increase in the number of vertebra.[3] However, the development of vertebrae evolved independently from lengthened body and explains the high amount of diversity among Moray eel species.[3] Additionally precaudal and caudal regions have differing modes of development and vertebra in these regions do not increase in a synchronous fashion.[3]

Overall I like where this is going. Continue to try and add more information about their history, and tie it all together. Maybe include similar species? I added strikes through suggested changes. Also start looking for an image that will tie in well, maybe a phylogeny tree?

Nathan (Pharyngeal Jaw):

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  • to be added to page Moray eel, as a subheading under the "Anatomy" section
 
This image already exists on the page for Pharyngeal jaw, but I was hoping to get an image of the jaw (sans skin and muscle) from our dissection to replace this placeholder

Where most predatory fish feed using suction to pull prey into their mouths, moray eels (which show smaller pectoral structures than other teleosts) rely on biting to capture prey, using specialized jaw structures to do so.[4] In the action of lunging at prey and biting down, water flows out the posterior side of the mouth opening, reducing waves in front of the eel and allowing the eel to bite down on prey without the aid of negative pressure, with the result that bite times are greatly increased but an aggressive approach to predation is supported.[4]

The shape of the jaw also reflects the respective diets of different species of moray eel. Evolving separately multiple times across the Muraenidae, rounded jaws, and molar-like teeth allow durophagous eels like Gymnomuraena zebra, genus Echidna, and some others to consume crustaceans, while other piscivorous genera of Muraenidae have pointed jaws and longer teeth.[5][6][7] This division between durophagous and piscivorous morays is not entirely clearly defined, however, with the extent of jaw optimization for prey types being varied across different species, and bodily actions such as knotting equalizing differences in feeding ability based on jaw morphologies.[7] Take a look at this final sentence. The structure is difficult to read, try rearranging things or removing pieces that do not need to be there

  • side note: The first paragraph seems too similar to a section already on the Moray eel page, and so I'm not sure it needs to be in here. However, it fits well into the themes of the section and provides useful background so I'm not positive yet if I should remove it either.

This part of the article looks good. The first paragraph is really well done, but the second paragraph just needs to be reworked (As I discussed above, just think about rearranging things to make it flow more smoothly) Otherwise I think this is a good start, just make sure in the final product that the image on the right has a description.

Trisha (Habitat):

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Image or Media File:

  • Tropical Ocean Images
  • Temperate Ocean Images
  • Dead Patch Reef Images
  • Coral Rubble Rock Images

The moray eel is known for it's wide species diversity and habitat occupation. The moray eel can be found in two separate aquatic environments: freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. When concerning freshwater habitats, there is relatively little species abundance, or rather species richness, in these environments.[8] The most widely known, and most relatively acknowledged, freshwater moray eel is Gymnothorax polyuranodon, which is considered to be one of the only freshwater moray eels, to exist.[8] Additionally, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths of roughly 80 centimeters.[8] Did you mean meters?

The saltwater habitats are not uniform and have much variability, including shallow water nearshore areas, continental slopes, continental shelfs, deep benthic habitats, and mesopelagic zones of the ocean.[9] Additionally, specifically concerning In saltwater habitats, the moray eels is are considered "cosmopolitan," which is a loosely used term, referring to the fact that the moray eel contains various species, which can occupy two separate saltwater habitats: tropical oceans and temperate oceans. Tropical oceans are typically located near the equator, whereas temperate oceans are typically located away from the equator. That being said, the moray eel is capable of living in relatively warm water, despite the ocean being tropical or temperate.[9] Additionally, these moray eels can be found in habitats at depths greater than 10 meters.[10]

However, although the moray eel can occupy both tropical oceans and temperate oceans, as well as both freshwater and saltwater, the majority of moray eels occupy warm saltwater environments, which containing reefs.[11] Additionally, within the tropical oceans and temperate oceans, the moray eel occupies shelters, such as dead patch reefs and coral rubble rocks, and less frequently occupies live coral reefs.[11]

Each the the paragraphs are pretty choppy to read and there seems to be an overuse of commas throughout. Reread through some and them and see if you can eliminate some of the words, or make them separate sentences. Also try to mix up how you tie pieces of information together, rather than using words such as "additionally" over and over. Another thing to look at is how some of the sentences are started, see some of strikethroughs as an example. For instance "Additionally, specifically concerning saltwater habitats, ..." reads much better as "In saltwater habitats,...". Otherwise the content seems to be coming together well, just keep working on how you want to present it.

Gar

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Derek Fish's Copyedit

Week 6: Proposed Image additions and Assigning Paragraphs (3-16-18)

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I would like to add information and images to the Gar page reguarding the toxicity of Gar Roe. The information should be added to each of the Gar species pages because some of the species have toxic eggs, and the other species have eggs that can be prepared to be eaten safely. I have been unable to find images that show Gar eggs, but I would like to figure out which chemical in the eggs causes the toxicity in some species, take pictures of Gar eggs during the dissection if our group is lucky enough to get a female, and add all of that information to the relative wiki pages. There are several picture of Pike Roe available on Creative Commons, and all of them are being used as food.[1]

This an an intriguing topic, I'd like to see some information on it and details. Also think about what you want to do if you end up dissecting a male, what other images might contribute to your article? Start drafting and see where it leads you, it might also help you figure out images you may want to use.

Morphology, Physiology, and Anatomy of the Gar: Jac1702

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Swim Bladder

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The gar's swim bladder has been extensively studied to find the mechanics of this organ, as it is used multi-purposely within the fish. Such research has shown that the temperature of the water seems to affect the gar, as they will increase the aerial breathing rate as temperature of the water is raised. Gars can live completely submerged in oxygenated water and remain healthy while also being able to survive in deoxygenated water if allowed access to air[12]. This adaptation can be the result of environmental pressures and behavioral factors[13].

This is a good start about the swim bladder. I think rather than having the beginning as you do (Narrative in nature), begin discussing general uses of a swim bladder and cite, then dive into the specifics of how the Gar uses it's swim bladder. How do you want to integrate an image? Are you planning to add an image from your own dissection, or grab an image from another source? Do you want to annotate the image with arrows? Just things to think about, but great start!

Anatomy

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The gar has paired appendages, including pectoral fins, pelvic fins, while also having an anal fin, caudal fin, and a dorsal fin[14]. I want to add a picture with these terms pointing to the correct anatomical fins on the fish. I found a free domain picture that I will edit to create arrows with corresponding fin name. (Additions as made by Doctor Velvet)

Maybe discuss the advantages of having this specific type of anatomy (such as paired appendages). Or, maybe compare this anatomy setup with relatives of the gar and compare how they use them. I like the idea of using a free picture and annotating, that will help tie together the information to the reader. Have you thought about taking your own pictures of the specimen prior to dissecting? This might allow you to get the exact picture you want rather than settling with what is on the free domain.

I've noticed that under the distribution section, there is only information on the distribution of fossilized gar; there is nothing that points out the distribution of gars of today's day and age. My research this week will focus primarily on the modern Gar and its distribution.

  1. The Gar can be found primarily on the coasts of the European and African Continents, as far North as the United Kingdom and as far South as Senegal; it can also be found in the temperate waters surrounding the equator in the Mediterranean Sea[15]. In America, its distribution lies mainly in the coastal waters off of Texas and Louisiana, and off the eastern coast of Mexico.[16]
    • I would like to add the images found the above-two sites, but I am unsure if that is allowed due to copyrights; if the material is copyrighted, I would love to edit an image with Photoshop or something that effectively displays that distribution!

I like where this is going. The only concern I have here is the first cite. Is this a good citation with trustworthy information? Is there an educational institution or book with the same information that might be better? Just something to think about.

Overall the entire group did a pretty good job. Just keep thinking about how you want to formulate a final product, and start thinking about how you dissection may play into the information (or pictures) you could display.

  1. Bibliography
    1. (see 4 and 5 above)
  1. ^ a b Kardong, Kenneth (2015). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 426. ISBN 978-0-07-802302-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Joshua, Reece (2010). "Phylogenetics and Phylogeography of Moray Eels (Muraenidae)". Washington University Open Scholarship. doi:10.7936/k7pv6hcg.
  3. ^ a b c Reece, Joshua S.; Mehta, Rita S. (2013). "Evolutionary history of elongation and maximum body length in moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (4): 861–875. doi:10.1111/bij.12098. ISSN 0024-4066.
  4. ^ a b Mehta, Rita S.; Wainwright, Peter C. (2007-02-01). "Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics". Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (3): 495–504. doi:10.1242/jeb.02663. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 17234619.
  5. ^ Reece, Joshua S.; Bowen, Brian W.; Smith, David G.; Larson, Allan. "Molecular phylogenetics of moray eels (Muraenidae) demonstrates multiple origins of a shell-crushing jaw (Gymnomuraena, Echidna) and multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 829–835. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.013.
  6. ^ Mehta, Rita S. (2009-01-01). "Ecomorphology of the Moray Bite: Relationship between Dietary Extremes and Morphological Diversity". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 82 (1): 90–103. doi:10.1086/594381. ISSN 1522-2152. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |first= at position 5 (help)
  7. ^ a b Collar, David C.; Reece, Joshua S.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Mehta, Rita S. (2014-06-01). "Imperfect Morphological Convergence: Variable Changes in Cranial Structures Underlie Transitions to Durophagy in Moray Eels". The American Naturalist. 183 (6): E168–E184. doi:10.1086/675810. ISSN 0003-0147.
  8. ^ a b c Ebner, Brendan C.; Fulton, Christopher J.; Donaldson, James A.; Schaffer, Jason (2016). "Distinct habitat selection by freshwater morays in tropical rainforest streams". Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 25 (2): 329–335. doi:10.1111/eff.12213. ISSN 1600-0633.
  9. ^ a b Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Watanabe, Shun; Kuroki, Mari; Aoyama, Jun; Miller, Michael J. (2014). "Freshwater habitat use by a moray eel species, Gymnothorax polyuranodon, in Fiji shown by otolith microchemistry". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 97 (12): 1377–1385. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0228-9. ISSN 0378-1909.
  10. ^ Higgins, B. A.; Mehta, R. S. (2018). "Distribution and habitat associations of the California moray (Gymnothorax mordax) within Two Harbors, Santa Catalina Island, California". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 101 (1): 95–108. doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0684-0. ISSN 0378-1909.
  11. ^ a b Young, Robert F.; Winn, Howard E.; Montgomery, W. L. (2003). "Activity Patterns, Diet, and Shelter Site Use for Two Species of Moray Eels, Gymnothorax moringa and Gymnothorax vicinus, in Belize". Copeia. 2003 (1): 44–55. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2003)003[0044:apdass]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0045-8511.
  12. ^ Renfro, Larry; Hill, Loren (1970). "Factors Influencing the Aerial Breathing and Metabolism of Gars (Lepisosteus)" (PDF). The Southwestern Naturalist. 15 (1): 45-54.
  13. ^ Hill, Loren (1972). "Social Aspects of Aerial Respiration of Young Gars (Lepisosteus)" (PDF). The Southwestern Naturalist. 16 (3): 239-247.
  14. ^ Becker, George (1983). "Fishes of Wisconsin" (PDF): 239-248. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "Garfish | Britishseafishing.co.uk". britishseafishing.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  16. ^ "Alligator Gar - Range Map". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
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