DR. SOLOMON SIMON
1895-1970
Solomon (Shlomo) Simon was a well-known Jewish author and educator, based in New York City, from the 1920s until his death in Miami on November 8, 1970.
He was the prolific author of over 30 books, primarily in Yiddish but also in English (see the Appendix for a complete listing). The English versions of his Yiddish folktales for children – The Wandering Beggar (1942) (only recently out of print), The Wise Men of Helm (1945) and More Wise Men of Helm (1965) – can be viewed as classics in their genre, since they are still selling regularly, year after year, with virtually no advertising or promotion. He was also a leading figure of the Sholem Aleichem Folks Institute, a Jewish cultural organization that operated Yiddish secular schools for children.
Biography
He was born in the summer of 1895 in what is now Beloruss, in an isolated Jewish shtetl that had some hundreds of Jewish families, located near the Minsk swamps and a Russian railway hub called Kalinkovichi. His Russian name, in the patronymic style, was Shlomo Shimonovich. His childhood, early years, and difficult experiences growing up in Czarist Russia, are vividly described in his two-volume autobiography, which has been translated from Yiddish into English: My Jewish Roots (1954) and In The Thicket (1963). His father, Eruchim Ben-Zion, was a simple shoemaker. The poverty stricken family lived in a small hut where his mother, Mere (Lifschitz), struggled to help make ends meet by baking bagels and rolls.
Shlomo was the fourth of eight children and, unlike the others, suffered from rickets. As a result he was forced to crawl about, unable to walk, until he was nearly six. The handicap led to a startlingly imaginative inner life as a child that was later reflected in many of his writings. At age 13 he was singled out for assignment to a Yeshiva in Kremenchug, and then continued his advanced training at several additional Yeshivas in Poland. His Rabbinical studies were interrupted by his conscription into the Czarist army. Like so many other Jewish emigrants, he fled to America. In 1913 he arrived in New York City, penniless and not knowing a word of English.
The transition from the world of the shtetl changed him forever. He anglicized his name to “Solomon Simon” (Shlomo Simon in Yiddish), worked initially as a house painter, served in the U.S. Army (1918), became a U.S. citizen, graduated from Dental College at New York University (1924) , and commenced practicing dentistry. His real love, however, was writing, and from the 1920s on he devoted himself to it, while resorting to dentistry in order to earn a living and support his wife (Lena, or Leia in Yiddish) and three children, David, Judith and Miriam.
Although he had become fully secular (until much later in life), he felt it essential to assure the survival of Jewish values, culture and traditions in the new generation of Jews growing up in America. To that end, he became a devoted “yiddishist,” viewing the Yiddish language as the singular instrument that could succeed in perpetuating Jewish ideals among secular Jews and their children. He became active in the Sholem Aleichem Folks Institute based in New York City, a secular Jewish organization focused on maintaining evening children’s schools for teaching Yiddish, as well as Jewish culture and history. He served as President of the Institute from 1939-43, 1945-49 and 1952-3; he also played an active role in its Yiddish summer camp, Boiberik, as well as its Yiddish magazine for children and its Yiddish publishing arm.
Toward the end of his life he perceived that his Yiddish language crusade was not working out with the new generation of American Jews. The Institute’s schools languished and the numbers of his Yiddish readers declined. His religious beliefs also changed. He once again described himself as a believer, but only in his own unorthodox theistic style, which in many ways mirrored the revisionist proposals of Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan. In his last few years, he was teaching a group of devoted adult followers regarding the application of the Scriptures and Talmud to modern Jewish life.
His Writings
With the furtherance of his “Yiddishist” goal in mind, his early works were written in Yiddish for children, in a series of books focused on Jewish legends and themes, such as: “Shmerl Nar” (later translated as The Wandering Beggar), about a Jewish simpleton accomplishing accidental “miracles” as he wandered about Russian towns; and “Helden Fun Khelm” (later translated as The Wise Men of Helm and supplemented by More Wise Men of Helm), about a mythical town of Jewish fools and their comic foolishness. Paradoxically it is these English translations of his early books, first published in English in the 1940s, that have become familiar to generations of Jewish children. They received critical acclaim when they appeared in English. The New York Times described The Wise Men of Helm as “a delightful little book” and “almost a classic of its kind” (NY Times 2/24/48). Earlier the Times had commented favorably on The Wandering Beggar: “Artfully shaped…these stories deserve to be known by readers of all faiths” (NY Times 10/18/42).
As for his Yiddish books, they too were favorably received at the time they first appeared. They were published and distributed in Argentina – with its substantial Yiddish-speaking readers – as well as in the United States, Mexico and Canada. In recognition of his literary achievements, he received Mexico’s Kessel award and Argentina’s Mordecai Stoller award. In later years, his Yiddish writings turned to serious topics. Thus “Medines Isroel Un Erets Israel” (1950) set forth the ethical conflict between the dual concept of Israel as a nation state and as a religious home; “In De Teg Fun De Ershter Nevyim” (1959) focused on the ethical demands of the early prophets; “Oyf Eigene Drokhim” (1962) described his own searching path in Yiddish life; and “Emune Fun a Dor” (1970) , published in the year he died, set forth his last legacy. Along with a number of his early Yiddish children stories, none of these later works have as yet been translated.
His final years were devoted to a special project dear to his heart: a modern, revised English translation of the early Jewish Scriptures, accompanied by Talmudic footnotes and Teacher’s Resource Books that amplified and explained the Talmudic sources. These – which he co-authored – were the only books originally written by him in English: The Rabbi’s Bible Vol. 1: Torah (1966); Volume Two: Early Prophets (1969); and Volume Three:: The Later Prophets (1974) (published posthumously). Like his early children’s books in English, these too are still in print today and have continued to attract readers.
“Kluge Hent” (Clever Hands) was his first and only novel. It was published by his widow, Lena, in 1973 in response to his dying wish that it be printed at last in book form. It has only now been translated into English as “The Boy With The Golden Hands”. It is an adventure tale that focuses on Jewish life in Moravia in the early 1800s. In the introduction to “Kluge Hent” his widow affectionately commented:
“His dynamic, warm personality has left its imprint not only on our children and grandchildren, but also on his many students and devoted readers…..It is hard to accept that such a turbulent, stormy man, who wanted to change the whole world, is no longer here”.
A Little Sample Of His Writing For Children
The people of Shedlitz and Warsaw will tell you, “How does it happen that the city of Helm is full of fools? Because it is written in The Holy Scriptures: ‘God watches over the simple.’ Now, if the simpletons were scattered all over the world, even He would find it difficult to keep an eye on them, for no one can foresee what a simpleton will do. So, He in His wisdom gathered all the fools in one city, where it is easy for Him to watch over them.”
The Helmites retort, “Whoever says that the people outside of Helm have sense proves he is a fool. It is expressly stated in the Talmud: ‘The world was delivered into the hands of the fools.’”
Well, I could never decide who is right, Helm or the rest of the world. Let the reader decide.
-- From the introduction to More Wise Men of Helm
APPENDIX
Children’s Stories In Yiddish
Leyvik’s Golem (Levik’s Golem) (Yidish Leben 1927) Shmerl Nar (Shmerl the Fool, translated as The Wandering Beggar) (Farlage Matones 1931)
Dos kluge shnayderl (The Clever Little Tailor)(Farlag Matones 1933)
Myses Fun Agodete (Stories from the Aggadah)(co-authored with Chaim Shoys, 1936)
H. Leyviks kinderyorn (Childhood Years of H. Levik) (Niye Yidishe Shul, Vilna, 1938)
Roberts Ventures (Robert’s Adventures)(Farlag Matones 1938)
Khumesh Far Kinder (Khumesh for Children)(Farlag Matones 1940)
Di heldn fun Khelm (The Heroes of Helm, translated as The Wise Men of Helm) (Farlag Matones 1942)
Kinder yorn fun Yidishe shreiber (Childhood Years of Jewish Writers)(Farlag Matones; Vol. 1 1936; Vol. 2, 1945)
Yohoshua un Shoftim far Kinder(Joshua and Judges for Children) (Farlag Matones 1952)
Hakhomim, akshonin un naronim (The Wise, The Stubborn, and Fools)(Alter Rozental- Fund, Buenos Aires, 1954)
Children’s Stories In English
The Wandering Beggar (Behrman House 1942)
The Wise Men of Helm (Behrman House 1945)
More Wise Men of Helm (Behrman House 1965)
French translation
Chelm Les heros de la betise (Helm - Heroes of Foolishness) (Editions L’Harmattan 1987)
Ethical, Philosophical and Religious Works In Yiddish
In de teg fun di nevi’im (In the Days of the Prophets) (Farlag Matones 1947)
Yidn tsvishn felker (Jews Among Nations) (Yidishe Etishe Gezelshaft, 1949)
In de Teg fun de Ershte Nevyem (In the Days of the Early Prophets) (Koyim, Buenos Aires, 1950) (received Mexico’s Kessel Prize)
Medinas Yi’sroel un Erets Yi’sroel (The Kingdom of Israel and The Land of Israel) (Undzer Bukh, Buenos Aires, 1950)
Amolike Yidn (Old Time Jews) (Yidbukh, Buenos Aires, 1952)
Tokh-Yiddishkayt (The Essence of Jewish-ness) (Yidbukh, Buenos Aires, 1954)
Der goyrl fun undzere Yidishistishe shuln (The Fate of Our Yiddishist Schools)(Fryer Arbeter Shtyme 1956)
Dos meglekhe un ummeglekhe (The Possible and Impossible) (Almanakh Yidish 1961) Oyf eygene drokhim (On My Own Paths) (Yidbukh, Argentina, 1962)
Emune fun a dor (The Heritage of a Generation) (Farlag Matones 1970)
Hayim Nakhman Bialik (Chaim Nachman Byalik) (Jewish School Publishing House, Montreal, 1973)
The Bible In English (co-authored)
The Rabbi’s Bible Vol.:1 Torah (Behrman House 1966)
Teacher’s Resource for Vol. 1 (Behrman House 1966)
The Rabbi’s Bible Vol. 2: Early Prophets (Behrman House1969)
Teacher’s Resource for Vol. 2 (Behrman House 1969)
The Rabbi’s Bible Vol. 3: The Later Prophets (Behrman House 1974)
A Novel
Kluge Hent (Clever Hands) (Farlag Tsiko1973)
Its translation: The Boy With The Golden Hands (private publ. 2009)
Autobiography (in Yiddish and English translation)
Vortslen (Roots) (Yidbukh, Buenos Aires, 1956) (received Argentina’s Mordecai Stoller Prize)
Tsvygen (Branches) (Yidbukh, Buenos Aires, 1960)
My Jewish Roots (Jewish Publication Society 1954)
In the Thicket (Jewish Publication Society 1963)
SOURCES
Who’s Who in World Jewry (David McKay Co. 1965) p. 918 (Solomon Simon) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Judaica (Keter Publ. House Jerusalem 1974) p. 556 (Shlomo Simon)
New York Times Obituary, Nov. 10, 1970
Two-volume autobiography, My Jewish Roots and In The Thicket
David Simon, I’m Writing, Poppa (privately publ. 2006) pp. 12-14, 16-35, 41-5, 52-3, 59, 61, 71, 212-13.
For the publicly available full text of many of his Yiddish books, see the website of The National Yiddish Book Center: www.yiddishbookcenter.org/+yb/solomon simon
As to Camp Boiberik: http://boiberik.media.mit.edu; also Jewish Encyclopedia (Behrman House 1962) p.449 (Sholem Aleichem Folk Institute).
For voluminous correspondence, drafts and other materials regarding Solomon Simon,