Hydrodynamic Chromatography
editHydrodynamic Chromatography
editHydrodynamic Chromatography (HDC) is derived from the observed phenomenon that large droplets move faster than small ones.[1] In a column, this happens because the center of mass of larger droplets is prevented from being as close to the sides of the column as smaller droplets because of their larger overall size.[2] Larger droplets will elute first from the middle of the column while smaller droplets stick to the sides of the column and elute last. This form of chromatography is useful for separating analytes by molar mass, size, shape, and structure when used in conjunction with light scattering detectors, viscometers, and refractometers.[3] The two main types of HDC are open tube and packed column. Open tube offers rapid separation times for small particles, whereas packed column HDC can increase resolution and is better suited for particles with an average molecular mass larger than daltons.[4] HDC differs from other types of chromatography because the separation only takes place in the interstitial volume, which is the volume surrounding and in between particles in a packed column.[5]
HDC shares the same order of elution as Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) but the two processes still vary in many ways.[4] In a study comparing the two types of separation, Isenberg, Brewer, Côté, and Striegel use both methods for polysaccharide characterization and conclude that HDC coupled with multiangle light scattering (MALS) achieves more accurate molar mass distribution when compared to off-line MALS than SEC in significantly less time.[6] This is largely due to SEC being a more destructive technique because of the pores in the column degrading the analyte during separation, which tends to impact the mass distribution.[6] However, the main disadvantage of HDC is low resolution of analyte peaks, which makes SEC a more viable option when used with chemicals that are not easily degradable and where rapid elution is not important.[7]
HDC plays an especially important role in the field of microfluidics. The first successful apparatus for HDC-on-a-chip system was proposed by Chmela, et al. in 2002.[8] Their design was able to achieve separations using an 80 mm long channel on the timescale of 3 minutes for particles with diameters ranging from 26 to 110 nm, but the authors expressed a need to improve the retention and dispersion parameters.[8] In a 2010 publication by Jellema, Markesteijn, Westerweel, and Verpoorte, implementing HDC with a recirculating bidirectional flow resulted in high resolution, size based separation with only a 3 mm long channel.[9] Having such a short channel and high resolution was viewed as especially impressive considering that previous studies used channels that were 80 mm in length.[8] For a biological application, in 2007, Huh, et al. proposed a microfluidic sorting device based on HDC and gravity, which was useful for preventing potentially dangerous particles with diameter larger than 6 microns from entering the bloodstream when injecting contrast agents in ultrasounds.[10] This study also made advances for environmental sustainability in microfluidics due to the lack of outside electronics driving the flow, which came as an advantage of using a gravity based device.
References
edit- ^ Song, Helen; Tice, Joshua D.; Ismagilov, Rustem F. (2003). "A Microfluidic System for Controlling Reaction Networks in Time". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 42 (7): 768–772. doi:10.1002/anie.200390203. ISSN 1521-3773.
- ^ Small, Hamish; Langhorst, Martin A. (1982-07-01). "Hydrodynamic Chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 54 (8): 892A–898A. doi:10.1021/ac00245a724. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ Brewer, Amandaa K.; Striegel, André M. (2011-04-15). "Characterizing String-of-Pearls Colloidal Silica by Multidetector Hydrodynamic Chromatography and Comparison to Multidetector Size-Exclusion Chromatography, Off-Line Multiangle Static Light Scattering, and Transmission Electron Microscopy". Analytical Chemistry. 83 (8): 3068–3075. doi:10.1021/ac103314c. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ a b Stegeman, Gerrit.; van Asten, Arian C.; Kraak, Johan C.; Poppe, Hans.; Tijssen, Robert. (1994). "Comparison of Resolving Power and Separation Time in Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation, Hydrodynamic Chromatography, and Size-Exclusion Chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 66 (7): 1147–1160. doi:10.1021/ac00079a033. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ Small, Hamish (1974-07-01). "Hydrodynamic chromatography a technique for size analysis of colloidal particles". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 48 (1): 147–161. doi:10.1016/0021-9797(74)90337-3. ISSN 0021-9797.
- ^ a b Isenberg, Samantha L.; Brewer, Amandaa K.; Côté, Gregory L.; Striegel, André M. (2010-09-13). "Hydrodynamic versus Size Exclusion Chromatography Characterization of Alternan and Comparison to Off-Line MALS". Biomacromolecules. 11 (9): 2505–2511. doi:10.1021/bm100687b. ISSN 1525-7797.
- ^ Striegel, André M.; Brewer, Amandaa K. (2012-07-19). "Hydrodynamic Chromatography". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 5 (1): 15–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143107. ISSN 1936-1327.
- ^ a b c Chmela, Emil; Tijssen, Robert; Blom, Marko T.; Gardeniers, Han J. G. E.; van den Berg, Albert (2002). "A Chip System for Size Separation of Macromolecules and Particles by Hydrodynamic Chromatography". Analytical Chemistry. 74 (14): 3470–3475. doi:10.1021/ac0256078. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ Jellema, Laurens-Jan C.; Markesteijn, Anton P.; Westerweel, Jerry; Verpoorte, Elisabeth (2010-05-15). "Tunable Hydrodynamic Chromatography of Microparticles Localized in Short Microchannels". Analytical Chemistry. 82 (10): 4027–4035. doi:10.1021/ac902872d. ISSN 0003-2700.
- ^ Huh, Dongeun; Bahng, Joong Hwan; Ling, Yibo; Wei, Hsien-Hung; Kripfgans, Oliver D.; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Grotberg, James B.; Takayama, Shuichi (2007). "Gravity-Driven Microfluidic Particle Sorting Device with Hydrodynamic Separation Amplification". Analytical Chemistry. 79 (4): 1369–1376. doi:10.1021/ac061542n. ISSN 0003-2700. PMC 2527745. PMID 17297936.
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