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Washington Duke | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Washington Duke at Duke University's East Campus | |
| Born | George Washington Duke December 18, 1820 |
| Died | May 8, 1905 (aged 84) |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Caroline Clinton (1825–1847) m. 1842–1847 Artelia Roney (1829–1858) m. 1852 |
| Children | Sidney Taylor Duke (1844–1858) Brodie Leonidas Duke (1846–1919) Mary Elizabeth Duke (1853–1899) Benjamin Newton Duke James Buchanan Duke |
| Parent(s) | Taylor Duke (c1770–1830) Dicey Jones (born c1780) |
George Washington Duke (December 18, 1820 – May 8, 1905) was an American tobacco industrialist and philanthropist who fought in the American Civil War.
Early Life & Civil War
editWashington Duke was born in the eastern part of Orange County, North Carolina (now part of Durham County, North Carolina), to Taylor Duke and Dicey Jones. On August 9, 1842, he married Mary Caroline Clinton with whom he had two children: Sidney Taylor Duke and Brodie Leonidas Duke[1].
After Mary Duke's death in 1847 at age twenty-two, he married Artelia Roney on December 9, 1852. (Both Mary and Artelia died of typhoid fever.) With Artelia Duke, he had three children: Mary Elizabeth Duke (who married Robert E. Lyon), Benjamin Newton Duke and James Buchanan Duke[1].
During the American Civil War Washington Duke served (1863 to 1865) - against his will - in the Confederate Navy. He vigorously opposed slavery, though some have mistakenly concluded that he owned slaves because he once purchased a slave. In reality he was purchasing the slave's freedom and he set her free immediately after the purchase as is shown by the census records shortly thereafter when she was living on his land as a free woman. It is also alleged that he was once recorded selling slaves but this is not correct either. He mentioned that slaves might be sold at the same time as a sale of his property. He did not say they were his slaves and, in fact, the 1860 census, just prior to this "recorded" event shows that he did not own slaves. The third reason some claim that he owned slaves is that he once hired a slave from a slave owner to work for him on a temporary basis during which that slave escaped. It has been reported that he actually assisted the slave in the escape and he hired him so that the slave would have time to get to a northern state before Washington reported him missing.[2]
Tobacco Career & Durham
editAfter the war, Duke returned to his farm, but it had little remaining, but one thing that was untouched was brightleaf tobacco that he had invested in before the war. Initially the tobacco he had purchased was packed into sacks and sold or traded under the name “Pro Bono Publico” or “for the good of the people.” This tobacco in addition to wheat the Duke’s farmed would be sold or traded for cotton, and despite selling out their goods out of a wagon, the family slowly became prosperous[3].
In 1874, he sold his rural home and moved to the city of Durham, where he began his tobacco business. His workers hand processed tobacco into a form that could be sold by the bag for pipe smokers or hand-rolled into cigarettes. In 1881 the W. Duke Sons and Company was established as a tobacco manufacturer and soon became a marketer of pre-rolled cigarettes.[4]
After a "tobacco war" among the five large manufacturers, Washington's son James Duke became president of the dominant American_Tobacco_Company and another son Benjamin its vice-president. They would build the company into a multi-national corporation and a Monopoly. In 1880 the Dukes were residing in Durham, and Washington was living with his son James and two sisters-in-law: Bettie Roney (born c.1830) and Annie Roney (born c.1846). Also in the household were Jennie Procter (born c.1862) as "house assistant" and two servants: Louisa Sparkman (born c.1867); and Laura Hopkins (born c.1869).
In 1884 he was nominated by the Republican Party for North Carolina State Treasurer, an elected position, and lost.
Duke used his influence to have Trinity College moved to Durham. The institution opened its new campus in 1892 with him and son Benjamin as its principal benefactors. In 1896, Duke gave the college $100,000 (about $2,200,000 in 2005 dollars) on the condition that it open its doors to women. Trinity College was renamed in honor of Duke in 1924, becoming Duke_University.
Washington Duke was originally interred in the Washington Duke Mausoleum at Maplewood Cemetery in Durham, North Carolina. After the completion of the Duke University Chapel he was re-interred in the Memorial Chapel on the west campus of Duke_University. A statue at the entrance to Duke's East Campus memorializes him.
Bibliography
edit- Durden, Robert Franklin, "The Dukes of Durham: 1865–1929", Duke University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8223-0330-2
- http://www.nchistoricsites.org/duke/wduke.htm. North Carolina Historic Sites, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources Office of Archives & History
Further Reading
edit- Duke, D.W. (2014). The Duke Legacy. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4917-2621-1. OCLC 875351886.
- http://www.asoldierswalkhome.com/the-dukes-of-durham.php
- https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/uarchives/history/articles/washington-duke
- Duke Homestead and Tobacco Factory
- Duke University biography of Washington Dukxternal li
- ^ a b Durden, Robert F. (1975). The Dukes of Durham: 1865-1929. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 4–10.
- ^ Durden, Robert F. (1975). The Dukes of Durham: 1865-1929. Duke University Press. pp. 6–9.
- ^ Durden, Robert Franklin (1975). The Dukes of Durham: 1865–1929. Duke University Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 0-8223-0330-2.
- ^ Durden, Robert F. (Duke University Press). The Dukes of Durham: 1865-1929. 1975. pp. 12–13.
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