Note to reviewer
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-- Claudia, Sam, Nicole
Bergmann glia
editBergmann glia (also known as radial epithelial cells, Golgi epithelial cells, or radial astrocytes) are unipolar astrocytes derived from radial glia that are intimately associated with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.[1] Bergmann glia have multiple radial processes that extend across the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex and terminate at the pial surface as a bulbous endfoot.[2]
[ORIGINAL TEXT] "Bergmann glial cells form rows or palisades that are aligned to the long axis of folium characterized by high surface to volume ratio up to 20 micro-meters in rodent cerebellum there are 8 Bergmann glial cells per Purkinje Cell it has been estimated that each BGC operates around 2000-6000 Purkinje cell synapses. They occupy around 15%-18% of the molecular layer in cerebellum."
Bergmann glial cells assist with the migration of granule cells, guiding the small neurons from the external granular layer to the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex along their extensive radial processes.[3][4]
Bergmann gliosis
editBergmann gliosis (also known as Bergmann astrocytosis) refers to hyperproliferation of Bergmann glia in response to CNS injury or degeneration.[5]
Role in Neurological Disorders
editFollowing Purkinje cell death–a histological marker of several neurodegenerative disorders–Bergmann glia undergo extensive morphological and proliferative changes so as to replace lost or damaged tissue.[6][7]
Notes
editBACKGROUND - the generation of Bergmann astrocytes is referred to by Bergmann gliosis. The cell bodies of these astrocytes are found in the cerebellum within the Purkinjie cell layer of which the cell projections reach into the molecular layer (cite: Chapter 2 Basic Pathologic Reactions) - "Chaslin gliosis" indicates gliosis is found in the subpial areas. This is normally found in epilepsy. (cite: Chapter 2 Basic Pathologic Reactions) - Within the purkinjie cell layer, Bergmann glia (or bergmann astrocytes) can be found (cite: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192623310389621) - generation of bergmann astrocytes results in bergmann gliosis (cite: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192623310389621) - chemical toxicities are one of the many ways purkinjie cell death can occur, resulting in bergmann gliosis
How Bergmann gliosis (astrocytosis) occurs: - due to Purkinjie cell death (cite: http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bergmann_gliosis) - Purkinjie cell death is seen with ageing (Neuronal intranuclear inclusions in a new cerebellar tremor/ataxia syndrome among fragile X carriers C. M. Greco R. J. Hagerman F. Tassone A. E. Chudley M. R. Del Bigio S. Jacquemont M. Leehey P. J. Hagerman) - gliosis generally can be spotted via immunohistochemistry as well as PTAH which consist of special stains (cite: Chapter 2 Basic Pathologic Reactions)
Research analysis: - immunochemical stainings can be used to view Bergmann gliosis. Anti-GFP antibodies reveal Bergmann gliosis (cite: neuronal intranuclear inclusionS)
Aftermath: - cerebellar ataxia (due to purkinjie cell death/ lead to bergmann gliosis) (cite: Selective loss of Purkinje cells in a patient with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia)
AKA: - radial epithelial cells -bergmann astrocytosis BERGMANN GLIA
*Talk about high density of glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) aka excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1); GFAP expression in BG[8]
References
edit- ^ Verkhratsky, Alexei; Butt, Arthur M. (2013). Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 9780470978535.
- ^ "The monolayer formation of Bergmann glial cells is regulated by Notch/RBP-J signaling". Developmental Biology. 311 (1): 238–250. 2007-11-01. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.042. ISSN 0012-1606.
- ^ Rubenstein, John; Rakic, Pasko (2013). Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections: Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience. Elsevier Science and Technology. ISBN 9780123972668.
- ^ Sanes, Dan H.; Reh, Thomas A.; Harris, William A. (2005). Development of the Nervous System. Elsevier Science and Technology. ISBN 9780126186215.
- ^ Humphrey, Peter; Dehner, Louis P.; Pfeifer, John D. (2012). Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology. Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 9781451181456.
- ^ Sofroniew, Michael V. (2015-2). "Astrogliosis". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 7 (2). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020420. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4315924. PMID 25380660.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Haberland, Catherine (2006). Clinical Neuropathology: Text and Color Atlas. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 9781934559529.
- ^ Hell, Johannes W.; Ehlers, Michael D. (2008). Structure and Functional Organization of the Synapse. Springer. ISBN 9780387772318.