User:Butsuri/Tibetan transcriptions

Examples

Wylie	Tibetan Pinyin	Tournadre simplified	THDL Simplified	Tournadre full
gzhis-ka-rtse	Xigazê	Zhikatse	Zhikatsé	shi̱katse
bkra-shis-lhun-po	Zhaxilhünbo	Trashilhünpo	Trashilhünpo	trāshilünpo (?)
’bras-spung	Zhaibung	Dräpung	Drepung	trä̱pung
chos-kyi rgyal-mtshan	Qoigyi Gyaicain	Chökyi Gyältshän	Chökyi Gyeltsen	chȫkyi kyä̱:tsän (?)
thub-bstan rgya-mtsho	Tubdain Gyaco	Thubtän Gyatsho	Tupten Gyatso	thūptän kya̱tso/kya̱mtso

Comparison of Tournadre (Appendix 7) and THDL Simplified Phonetics

Tournadre	THDL
Both systems are based on the Wylie transcription of the Tibetan spelling, with the following changes: c > ch 'a > a
	tha > ta pha > pa tsha > tsa
Silent letters are ommited. This concerns mainly superscribed r, l & s; prefixed g, d, b, m & '; and suffixed s & d.
	... suffixed ' and post-suffixed s & d.
Special rules
1) c & ch are both marked as ch.
	2) "th," "ph," and "tsh" are rendered "t," "p," and "ts," respectively.
2) When the vowels a, o, u are followed by the consonants d, n, l, s they acquire an umlaut and become, respectively, ä, ö, ü	3) When the vowels o, u are followed by the consonants d, n, l, s they acquire an umlaut and become, respectively, ö, ü
	4) When the vowel a is followed by the suffix d, n, l, or s it becomes e.
	When e is the final letter of the word (by the above process or otherwise) it is written é.
3) The suffixes g and b on the end of a word are devoiced and rendered k and p respectively.	5) The suffixes g and b are devoiced and rendered k and p respectively.
4) When the unaffixed consanants ba and bo appear as the second syllable of a word, they become wa and wo respectively.	6) When ba and bo appear as the final syllable of the a word, they become wa and wo respectively. This also includes ba'i ( > wé, about which see rule 16 below) and bar ( > war) as final syllables.
5)(7) The initial consonant clusters py, phy and by become ch, ch, and j respectively.
	8) The consonant cluster my becomes ny.
6) Consonant clusters with subscript r are written with an r. kr, pr, tr are written tr. khr, phr,thr are written thr. gr, br, dr are written dr.	9) Consonant clusters with subscript r are written with an r. kr, pr, tr, khr, phr, and thr are all written tr. gr, br, and dr are written dr.
7) Voiced radicals such as g, j, d, b and dz and clusters such as gy and by, when they appear with no prefix, are written with an h to mark voicelessness and aspiration, becoming gy, jh, dh, bh, dzh, ghy, jh.
	10) Consonant clusters containing subscript l reduce to l except zl, which becomes d.
	11) Consonant clusters containing a superscript l and root h are transcribed lh.
8)(12) Consonant clusters with a d prefix and a b root letter undergo the following transformations: dbr becomes r. dby becomes y. db becomes w.
	13) When the second syllable of a word begins with ' (achung), nasalization is indicated as follows: an n is inserted after the first syllable and the suffix of the first syllable, if there is one, is elided. If the root letter of the second syllable is ph or b (and does not carry a subscribed y or r), an m is inserted instead of an n. Note: there are some exceptions to the form of the nasalization.
	14) Multiple vowels with discrete sounds connected by ' (achung) are transcribed by dropping the '.
	15) Identical vowels connected by ' (achung) are transcribed as a single instance of the vowel, dropping the '.
	16) When two different vowels are connected be ' and the second is i, the first undergoes ablaut as in rules 3 & 4. The 'i is dropped.

http://www.thdl.org/xml/showEssay.php?xml=/collections/langling/THDL_phonetics.xml&m=all

Description of the Tournadre phonemic transcription (Tournadre full)

Consonants

Unaspirated: k, ', ky, tr, t, p, c, ts, r, s, sh, l, h, m, n, ny, ng, w, y.

Aspirated: kh, khy, thr, th, ph, ch, tsh, rh, lh. Aspirated consonants only appear word-initially.

Vowels

a, ä, e, ö, o, u, ü, i.

Tone

High or low tone is only marked on the first syllable of a word. High tone is marked with a macron over the vowel, low tone with a macron below. I.e. ngā vs nga̱.

Tone contours are unwritten except in the case of a sharply falling high tone on syllables with a final nasal, corresponding to a written final -s. This is represented with a final apostrophe (not to be confused with the apostrophe representing a glottal stop). E.g. Khām'‍, sāng'‍, sūng'‍.

Length

Long vowels are indicated by a following colon, :.

Geminate consonants

Doubled consonants sometimes appear within a word. These are pronounced identically to the un-doubled form, but indicate a lengthening, and a change in the tone contour, of the preceding vowel.