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User:Brianboulton/Sandbox13

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Australian Antarctic Expedition edit

Sources edit

Books
  • Bryan, Rorke: Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic (pp. 264–276) Got This
  • Coleman, E. C. (2007). The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration: from Franklin to Scott. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-4207-5. Got this
  • Davis, John King: With the "Aurora" in the Antarctic, 1911–14 (1919) [1] Got This
  • Fitzsimmons, Peter: Mawson and the Ice Men of the Heroic Age [2] Got this
  • Huntford, Roland: Shackleton (1985) Got this
  • Mawson, Douglas: The Home of the Blizzard Got This
  • Mills, Leif: Frank Wild Got This
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2009): Racing With Death Got this
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2007): [3] Encyclopedia of the Antarctic (article on Guass expedn, pp. 455-456) Online
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2005): Nimrod Got this
  • Roberts, David (2013), Alone on the ice : the greatest survival story in the history of exploration Investigating this
  • Smith, Michael: Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer (2019) Got this
  • Turney, Chris: 1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica (Ch. 7, pp. 213–258) Got this
ADB
Journals, magazines etc
  • [5] re Jeffreys, news article.
  • Carson, Chris: "Cape Denison, the birthplace of Australian Antarctic expeditions": AusGeo News Issue 104 December 2011 [6] "CD now acknowledged as the windiest place on earth"
  • Dash, Mike: "The Most Terrible Polar Exploration Ever: Douglas Mawson’s Antarctic Journey" Smithsonian Magazine Jan 2012 [7]
  • "Mawson’s journey has gone down in the annals of polar exploration as probably the most terrible ever undertaken in Antarctica"
  • "They had left no food depots on their way out; their choices were to head for the sea—a route that was longer but offered the chance of seals"
  • Some polar experts are convinced that the problem was merely poor diet and exhaustion, but doctors have suggested it was caused by husky meat—specifically, the dogs’ vitamin-enriched livers, which contain such high concentrations of Vitamin A that they can bring on a condition known as “hypervitaminosis A”–a condition that causes drying and fissuring of the skin, hair loss, nausea and, in high doses, madness, precisely the symptoms displayed by the fortunate Douglas Mawson, and the luckless Xavier Mertz.
  • Day, David: "From Cecil, with Loathing" (Madigan's account): The Monthly, March 2013 [8] Madigan's views of Mawson, only recently published (2013)
  • Killick, David: "Life and Death in the Home of the Blizzard": Australian Antarctic Magazine Issue 22 (Mawson centenary special, 2012) [9] This summary of the expedition's achievements:
"In the cause of science, the men of the AAE quietly made breakthroughs in Antarctic geology, biology, meteorology, magnetism and oceanography. The expedition sent sledging parties across 2600 miles of unknown country and the Aurora sailed 3000 km of unmapped coastline. The party used radio successfully for the first time on the continent. The results of their scientific work filled volumes: daily observations of temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, snow fall, wind speed and direction, daily magnetic and tide observations, hard-won against the cold and wind. They described the geology and plant and animal life of Cape Denison and Frank Hurley produced more than 2500 magnificent still images and a documentary film. The expedition laid the foundation for Australia's modern Antarctic program and its claim to 42 per cent of the frozen continent."
  • Quinn, Kylie: "Mawson's Men": Australian Antarctic Magazine Issue 22 (Mawson centenary special, 2012) [10] Brief bios of McLean, Jones, Hunter, Laseron, Hannam
  • Unattributed: "The Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914" Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol.47, No.1 (1915). pp.38-44. [11] p.44 provides a v. useful summary of the expedition.
  • Wharton, W.J.L. (1 July 1904). "Expunged Islands". Emu – Austral Ornithology. IV (1): 32. doi:10.1071/MU90432a (inactive 2022-06-26).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2022 (link)
Online sources
  • [12] NFSA film clips
  • "Douglas Mawson 1882–1958": South-pole.com [13]
  • "Douglas Mawson: Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14" State Library, S. Australia [14]
  • "Douglas Mawson: An Australian hero's story of survival" BBC February 2014 [15]

Timeline edit

Pre-sailing edit

  • 1909
  • April: Mawson returns to Australia after Nimrod expedition w. ideas for leading a scientific expdn to the unexplored coast W of Cape Adare. (Turney 213, Huntford 324)
  • 1910
  • January: M. in London re. attaching himself to Scott's forthcoming expdn, w. small group of scientists, to explore W of Cape Adare. Scott offers him position in main polar party. Mawson declines, decides he will mount his own expdn. Turns to Shackleton. (Riff. 36–37, South-pol.com, BBC, ADB, Huntford 324)
  • Meets Shackelton: S. intrigued by M's ideas, decides to lead his own expdn to the area, offers M. pos of chief scientist. M. would be relieved of fundraising responsibilities. M. accepts. (Turney 213-14, Smith 238, ADB, Nat Mus Aus, Huntford 324)
  • Mar/April: M in Hungary on S's behalf investigating gold mine opportunity. S fundraising in America. (Riff. 38, Huntford 325)
  • 16 May: M meets S in America. Agreement signed by S: "In the event of my not accompanying the expedition as commander, D. Mawson willl be in charge & I will still use my influence w. my supporters in regard to raising the necessary funds." (Riff. 39, Smith 238-39, Huntford 327)
  • May/Nov: Uncertainty remains abt S's intentions, M unable to proceed w. fundraising (Riff. 39-40)
  • 1 December. S confirms that he will not go but will support M. (Riff. 40, Turney 214, Nat Mus Aus, Huntford 332)
  • 1911
  • January: M. presents his plans (3 land bases + Macquarie Is & oceanography) to Aus. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science & gets their approval (Bryan 265, South-pole.com, Riff. 40-41, JKD 2)
  • Mid-Jan: Numerous financial pledges made, amounting to £6,000. (nothing heard of the £10,000 from Lysaght prom. by Shackleton) (Riff. 41)
  • End-Jan: M goes to London to raise funds & find a ship, hopes to recruit J.K. Davis. (Riff. 41)
  • Feb/March: Recruits Davis from Canada. Recruits Wild & Ninnis in London. Finds that Lysaght's £10,000 was given to Shackleton but has now "disappeared". M's opinion of Shackleton. (Riff. 42–43, Turney 215–16, Huntford 335, 338)
  • Feb/March: Davis acquires Aurora & brings her to London for refitting. (Turney 217-18, Riff. 44, Bryan 265)
  • March: M. learns of change in Scott's plans - his E. party becomes N. party based at Cape Adare. (Riff. 43, Turney 218)
  • April: RGS grants £500 (JKD 2, Riff. 44)
  • April: M recruits Merz (Riff 46–47)
  • May: S. introduces M to Ld Northcliff & secures support from DM, target £12000. £9843 raised + donations of equipt & supplies. (Huntford 338, Riff. 46, Turney 216)
  • May: before leaving England, M publishes expdn objectives in Morning Post (JKD 3)
  • June: M returns to Australia leaving Davis in charge. (Riff. 46–47)
  • 11 June: Aurora arr. London for extensive refit under JKD's supervision (JKD 10)
  • June/July: Davis supervises Aurora refit. BoT obstruction. (JKD 10-11, Bryan 267, Riff 47)
  • 28 July: Aurora leaves London without BoT clearance, goes to Cardiff for fuel, leaves 4 August with BoT approval. (Bryan 269, Riff 48, JKD 11)
  • 14 August: Madeira (JKD 11)
  • 28 August: Cross equator (JKD 11) Davis comments on crew Bryan 269
  • 24 Sept Cape Town (JKD 12, Bryan 269)
  • 27 Sept: leave CT (JKD 14, Bryan 269)
  • 9-16 October: Severe gale, minor damage (JKD 14–15)
  • October: M acquires aeroplane for £1000. Test flight, crash, Wild injured, plane becomes motorised tractor (Mills 132-33, Turney 222-23, Riff. 49–50)
  • 4 November: Aurora arr. Hobart for final preps (Mills 133, JKD 15 Bryan 269, Riff. 48)

First season edit

(For this section, see also: AGS Bulletin; Carson 2011; SA State Library; South-pole.com; Nat. Museum Australia.)
  • 1911
  • 2 December: Aurora sails from Hobart followed 5 days later by supply ship SS Toroa. Rough weather. Mills 135, Turney 223, JKD 16, Riff 54-56 Turney 223-224 Bryan 269
  • 11 December: Macquarie Island sighted. Temp. landing at Caroline Cove. JKD 18 Riff 57-58 Turney 224 Bryan 269 Mawson 24-25
  • 13 December: Landing shore party at Hasselborough Bay. Toroa arrives w. further supplies. Unloading. JKD 20-21 Riff 57, 58-59
  • 24 December: watering ship in Caroline Cove. JKD 21 Riff 58-59 Bryan 270 Mawson 37
  • 25 December: Sets course for Antarctica JKD 22 Riff 60 Turney 225 Bryan 270
  • 27 December: surrounded by whales Riff 60
  • 29 December: First ice sighted JKD 24 Turney 227 Mawson 41
  • 1912
  • 1 January: New Year's day at 65°18'S 151°50'E. Unable to move S because of heavy pack. Innacuracies of Wilkes's charts (Turney 226-27) Steaming west, searching for land. M decides to consolidate Main and second bases. JKD 25 Riff 61-62 Mawson 49
  • 3 January: Pack opens, moving S. JKD 25
  • 6 January: Land sighted to SSW. JKD 27
  • 8 January: Arr. Commonwealth Bay, choose site for Main Base, begin unloading. Held up by storms JKD 27-29 Riff 62-63 Bryan 270 Mawson 50
  • 11 January: Unloading resumes, continues until 19th JKD 29-31 Riff 64 Turney 228-29
  • 18 January: Naming C'wealth Bay & Cape Denison JKD 31 Turney 228
  • 19 January: Aurora departs W to find site for Western Party JKD 32 Riff 64 Turney 229 Mills 139 Bryan 270 Mawson 55 See "Main base" below
  • 24 January: Failed attempts to reach land. JKD 46 Riff 64 Turney 229-30
  • 31 Jan–2 Feb: sailing over various "land" sightings from Balleny & Wilkes JKD 47-48 Bryan 270
  • 3 February: Failed attempt to land W. party at "Knox Land" JKD 48 Mills 139
  • 4 February: Further efforts further W, without success JKD 48-49 Mills 140
  • 8 February: Glacier tongue sighted. Held up by weather JKD 49 Turney 230 Mills 140 Bryan 272 Mawson 61
  • 12-13 Feb: Wild investigates possible landing sites, none suitable. JKD 50
  • 15 Feb: Decision to establish base on the glacier tongue. Unloading begins JKD 52 Riff 64 Turney 229-31 Mills 141 Bryan 272 Mawson 63
  • 19 Feb: Unloading completed. JKD 52 Turney 231
  • 21 Feb: Aurora departs JKD 53 Riff 64 Turney 231 Mills 141 Bryan 272
  • 12 March: Reaches Hobart. They learn from Fram of Amundsen's success at SP. JKD 54-55 Turney 231 Mills 142 Bryan 272
For more on the jny to Western Base, see AGS JSTOR article, pp. 40-41

Main base

  • Jan: Bryan p.70 re landing & high winds
  • Jan-July: Summary/description of Scientific wk carried out at base dg winter months. Wireless results disappointing. Turney 236-240
  • 20 January: work begins on erection of huts, description. Riff 65-67 Mawson 67-70 Fitz 414-416
  • 30 January: living hut completed Riff 67 Mawson 70-71 Fitz 419-20, 423-24
  • February and March: Storms, high winds, blizzards limit activity. Riff 68-70. Wind mean speeds Feb 25mph (40km), March 49mph (79km), April 51mph (82km). For fllg 6 months, monthly means never less than 55mph (88 km) Riff 71 Mawson 71-75 Fitz 427-28 (elephant seal), 446-48
  • 25 February: Sunday service & "possession" ceremony. Riff 72
  • 29 February: Mawson, Bage & Madigan begin experimental sledge jny. False start, return to hut. Riff 72-73 Mawson 75-79 Fitz 451-54
  • 1-2 March: They set out again, travel abt 5½ miles rising to 1500ft (450m) elevation. Depot stores, return to hut. Riff 73
  • March-July: life at winter quarters. Riff 74-88 Mawson 107-119, 120-140, 142-155 Fitz 456-57, 467-68, 482-83, 486-493, 494-502,
  • 31 July: Ninnis & Mertz haul stores up to cave two-thirds of mile beyond hut. Riff 89 Mawson 157
  • 9 August: Mawson, Ninnis, Madigan tfr stores from cave to 5-mile depot estab. March, wh. they now name "Aladdin's Cave" Riff 90 Mawson 157-58 Fitz 504-506
  • 10 August: advance a further 8 miles before return to Aladdin's Cave. Riff 90-91 Mawson 159
  • 15 August: return to hut, lose dogs. Riff 91 Mawson 160
  • 16 August: searching for dogs, but halted by weather Riff 91-92
  • 21 August: locate dogs, some in v. poor condition, one dies. Riff 92 Mawson 161
  • 31 Aug-4 Sept: In a period of calm weather, wireless masts & aerials erected. transmisions to M.Is begin. Unable to receive return messages. Riff. 92-93 Fitz 507
  • 4 Sept: near accident on sea ice involving Madigan, Bickerton, Correll. Bad weather returns. Riff 93 Mawson 162
  • 7 Sept: sledge jny, Webb, McLean, Stillwell, travel S 12 miles from base, leave cache. Riff 94 Mawson 163 Fitz 507
  • 11 Sept: sledge jny, Ninnis, Mertz, Murphy travel 12m SE from Aladdin's Cave before weather forces their return. Riff 94-95 Mawson 164
  • 12 Sept: sledge jny, Close Madigan, Whetter travel W for 50 miles. Riff 95 Fitz 508
  • October: sledging impossible due to weather. Expdn largely confined to hut. Riff 96-97
  • 13 Oct: fall of wireless masts Fitz 512
  • 27 October: M announces sledging will resume in 10 days - 7 parties. Outline arrangements: Southern Party (Mag. Pole); Southern support party; East Coast party; Near Eastern Party supporting EC party; second coastal party; West party; Far Eastern Party (Mawson, Mertz, Ninnis), the last hoping to cover 350 miles to Oates Land. Riff 98-100. Mawson 176
  • 6-7 November: Most sledging parties leave. Riff 101
  • 10 November: Mawson's party leaves. Held up by weather after leaving Aladdin's cave. Riff 104-105 Turney 241 Mawson 177
  • 16 Nov: redezvous w. teams led by Madigan & Stillwell. Teams travel together for 2 days. Riff 105-06
  • 18-27 Nov: Mawson party on its own. steady travelling. Ninnis has 3 falls into crevasses, losing dogs. Riff 108-110 Mawson 183-190
  • 28-30 Nov: Crossing glacier. Riff 111 Mawson 190-92
  • 6 Dec: After further progress, held up by blizzards for 3 days. Riff 112
  • 13 Dec: decision to go on for 1 more week before returning. Reorganise loads into 2 sledges. Riff 113
  • 14 Dec: Ninnis & sledge lost in crevasse. Limit of journey 315 miles from winter quarters. Riff 114-117 Turney 241-42 Mawson 195-198
  • 15 Dec: Commence return, 25 miles travelled. They have 1½ wks rations for jny est. 5 wks. Riff. 119-20 Turney 242 Mawson 199-200
  • 16-23 Dec: Travelling, eating dogs to supplement rations. Now 115 miles gone, 200 ahead. Riff 124-25 Mawson 201-206
  • 25 Dec: Christmas day, 158 from base. Muted celebrations. Riff 126. Mawson 207
  • 26 Aurora begins jny back to C. Bay, difficult jny. Riff 147-48. JKD 82-83
  • 29 Dec: Last dog killed. Turney 242
  • 29-30 Dec: first intimations of Merz's illness. Mawson 210
  • 1913
  • 1-3 Jan 1913: Confined to tent by weather. Mertz'z cmt about eating dog meat. Riff 127-28 Mawson 211
  • 5-7 Jan: v. little distance attained through Mertz's worsening condition Riff 128-29 Mawson 212-13
  • 8 Jan: Mertz dies. M unable to leave tent. Cuts sledge in half in anticipation of lone jny Apocryphal stories of "cannibalism". Riff 131-34 Turney 243 Mawson 213-15
  • 11 Jan: M sets out. Riff 135 Mawson 215
  • 12-15 Jan: slow progress through pain, illness, weather. Riff 148 Mawson 215-17
  • 13 Jan: Aurora arr. at Commonwealth Bay. Three of sledging parties not yet back. JKD lists the 9 men at the base as Murphy, Bage, Close, Hannam, Stillwell, Laseron, Hurley, Webb, Hunter. JKD 86-87
  • 16-17 Jan: M crossing glacier, falls into crevasse. Climbs out after 4½ hours' struggle. Riff 138-39. Turney 244, Mawson 218. At CB, Madigan, Mclean, Correll return 16th Riff 149
  • 22-24 Jan: Off glacier, hopes for better progress thwarted. Now 9 days overdue at Winter Q, but repeatedly confined to tent until 28th. Riff 140-41. Mawson 220.
  • 22 Jan, Bickerton's party returns, leaving only Mawson's party out. Riff 149
  • 28 Jan: Finds cairn left by McLean's party, tells him 21 miles from Aladdin's Cave & locations of cached food & other news. Riff 142 Turney 245 Mawson 222
  • 29 Jan-1 Feb: Struggles on, reaches Aladdin's Cave. Held there by weather for a week. Riff 144-45. Ship searches coast for signs of Mawson party without success. Riff 150. Turney 245 Mawson 223
  • 8 Feb: Long climb down to Winter Q. Sees smoke on the horizon, guesses it's the departing ship. Arrival at WQ. Wireless message to ship requesting return. Riff 146. The gales that detained M delay ship's departure until 8 Feb. Party of 6 left behind to search for Mawson; Riff 150-151. Turney 245 Mawson 223-225
  • 9 Feb: Davis unable to bring ship back to C. Bay, sails W to pick up Wild & co. Riff 153.

Aurora Winter & Spring cruises, 1912 Between arriving at Hobart on 12 March 1912 and leaving for the 2nd Antarctic voyage on 26 December, Aurora carried out two oceanographic cruises:

  • Winter: 20 May to 11 July: Hobart to Sydney, then Sydney → Bass Strait → MacQuarie I. → Auckland I. → Lyttelton NZ then Melbourne for refit, then Hobart.
On arrival in Sydney, specialist equipment for deep-sea sounding was installed. [JKD 57-60] The main purposes of this cruise were to test & become familiar with this equipment, to carry out soundings, and to investigate the supposed location of the "Royal Company Islands", searched for but not found throughout the 19th century. [JKD 57] Hence, on leaving Sydney 20 May, Aurora headed south then west, through the Bass Strait. Here, the first uses of the sounding equipment were hampered by poor weather. On 31 May Aurora sailed over the supposed RCI location with no traces of land apparent.[JKD 61-63] She then headed S and E towards MacQ I., where she arrived on 7 June. Davis noted that the met. station was working well, & that wireless communication had been established w. Sydney, Freemantle & Suva (Fiji). The operators thought that Cape Denison cd receive their messages, but they could not receive from the Cape.[JKD 63-64] After extensive sounding & survey work, Aurora departed on 22 June & headed for Auckland Islands, arr. there on 24 June.[JKD 69-70] The team carried out exploration and coastal soundings before leaving for Lyttelton on 6 July, where they arrived on 11 July. Davis noted. "although the cruise was not fruitful in deep-sea work - mainly owing to the v. stormy weather, it afforded some necessary training for officers and men in the handling of deep-sea gear".[JKD 71-73] On 17 August the ship entered Melbourne for refitting, before returning to Hobart.[JKD 74]
  • Spring: 12 Nov to 14 Dec: Hobart → sub-Antarctic → Hobart
Leaving Hobart on 12 Nov, sounding began at once, aided by good calm weather. The ship reached MacQ. I. on 21 November & worked extensively in the coastal waters there before sailing south into sub-Antarctic waters and carrying out numerous soundings there. By 14 december she was back at Hobart, to prepare for the second Antarctic voyage.[JKD 75-80]
Addit. source - 1915 AGS article (JSTOR) p. 41 summary

Western base (from departure of Aurora, 21.2.12 to pickup, 23.2.13)

There's a stub Western Base party, not v. informative at present. This article could be worked up.
Frank Wild's a/c in Home of the Blizzard, pp. 329-394)
Leif Mills in Frank Wild 139-168, 168-180, 181-189, 190-191
Turney pp 248-49 brief summary
Riffenburgh - relief, p. 154; p. 200, brief ref to explrn of QM land
AGS JSTOR pp. 40-41 and p. 43-44


MacQuarie Island

  • Aus DoEE: Macquarie Island: A brief history: In 1911, Australia's Sir Douglas Mawson established the island's first scientific station. In addition to conducting geomagnetic observations and mapping the island, studies were made of the island's botany, zoology, meteorology and geology. The Macquarie Island expedition also established the first radio link between Australia and Antarctica by setting up a radio relay station on Wireless Hill that could communicate with both Mawson's main expedition group at Commonwealth Bay, and Australia. From 1913 to 1915 the meteorological observations begun by Mawson's group were continued by the Commonwealth Meteorological Service but discontinued after the loss of the relief ship Endeavour with all crew and passengers in 1914.
  • Maritime Radio Addit info abt the working of the station, 1911-13
  • Ainsworth's account in Blizzard, pp. 424-494
  • 1914

Financing edit

(from Home of the Blizzard Appendix VI pp. 543-545)

Note: figures do not take account of donations in kind: gifts of provisions, equipt & coal, ship's docking & repair facilities, etc.
  • Raised before departure:
  • In Australia, Jan 1911 (following AAAS presentation): £4,000
  • In London, June 1911 (following DM etc publicity): £9,843 (includes Br. Govt £2,000, RGS £500)
  • In Australia October 1911: Total collected £24,125 (NSW £7,000,VIC £6,000, SA £5,000 TAS £500, FED £5,000 pte £625)
Total collected before departure: £4,000 + £9,843 + £24,125: £37,968
  • Additional raised during expedition:
  • London 1913: £2,627
  • London 1914: £10
  • Australia 1913: £5,050 (incl. Fed gov £5,000)
  • Australia 1914: £230
Total collected during expedition: £2,637 + £5,280: £7,917
  • Added subsequently:
  • Sales of assets, photos, films etc: £4,915 (inc. sale of ship & equipt £3,699)
  • TOTAL MONEY RAISED: £37,968 + £7,917 + £4,915: £50,800
  • Outstanding bills: £5,932
  • TOTAL COST of EXPEDITION: £56,732
  • Deficit: £5,932 less cash in hand + anticpated further realisations £1,470: £4,462

Images edit

Note: The Home of the Blizzard first pub: William Heinemann, London, 1915.

(from existing article)

Background
Aims
  • None
Ship & equipt
Personnel
  • Ninnis
Others
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