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Works Cited Summaries

1. Larger fig species control fig-wasp mutualisms while smaller fig species do not. Also, species of figs with separate male and female plants produce more seeds and wasps than hermaphroditic figs.

2. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing in host-specific wasp species shows that fig trees were selective during ancient times of range expansion and isolation. Speciation of wasp and fig species developed through allopatric speciation rather than host switching as indicated through patterns in sequence divergence and host association.

3. Many characteristics in both figs and wasps have coevolved together, including Monoecism in figs and long ovipositors in figs to dioecism and short styles to short ovipositor. Other physical traits include the interleafing of superficial ostiolar scales in figs to the breakage of the antennae and wings of the penetrating females in wasps.

4. Pollinators showed evidence of co-speciation with host figs whereas the evolution of galler associations appeared less closely timed with fig divergence. Parasitoids of gallers engaged in the least species-specific associations of all players in the fig community.

5. The glasshouse experimental design was likely to favour the impact of female figs on the wasp populations, which suggests that female plants in the field are unlikely to have a major negative impact on their pollinators, despite being a major mortality factor.

6. Changes in pollinator ovipositor length were correlated with changes in fig breeding system. The correlated evolution of fig style lengths and pollinator ovipositors, suggests a role for coadaptation in the regulation of resource conflicts between mutualists. Also, fig pollination is an extreme case of coevolution in plant/insect interactions.

Works Cited

1. Ma, Wen J., et al. "Coevolution of reproductive characteristics in three dioecious fig species and their pollinator wasps." Symbiosis, vol. 49, no. 2, Oct. 2009. AGRICOLA, download.springer.com/static/pdf/404/art%253A10.1007%252Fs13199-009-0018-x.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13199-009-0018-x&token2=exp=1476042593~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F404%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs13199-009-0018-x.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Farticle%252F10.1007%252Fs13199-009-0018-x*~hmac=a2225bc252fcc3cd568c0632db5ad5ac4821da6826016558e5680c0ae438edb4. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016.

2. Moe, Annika M. From pattern to process: Ecology and evolution of host specificity in the fig-pollinator mutualism. ProQuest Dissertations, 2011. ProQuest 5000, search.proquest.com/science/docview/902742934/abstract/6329CD769D224750PQ/2?accountid=13626.

3. Ramirez, William B. SPECIFICITY OF AGAONIDAE: THE COEVOLUTION OF FICUS AND ITS POLLINATORS. Report no. 7530081, Ann Arbor, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1974. ProQuest 5000, search.proquest.com/science/docview/302701331/citation/2870601F47144C46PQ/1?accountid=13626.

4. Silvieus, Summer Irene. Species limits, host specificity, and co-diversification of fig wasps associated with Ficus subgenus Sycomorus. Research report no. 0130, Ann Arbor, U of Minnesota, 2006. ProQuest 5000, search.proquest.com/science/docview/305308037/abstract/2870601F47144C46PQ/2?accountid=13626. Accessed 9 Oct. 2016.

5. Suleman, Nazia, et al. "Female figs as traps: Their impact on the dynamics of an experimental fig tree-pollinator-parasitoid community." Acta Oecologica, vol. 62, Jan. 2015, pp. 1-9. ScienceDirect, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1146609X14001258.

6. Wieblin, George Daniel. Phylogeny and ecology of dioecious fig pollination. Research report no. 0084, Ann Arbor, Harvard University, 1991. ProQuest 5000, search.proquest.com/science/docview/304502110/2870601F47144C46PQ/1?accountid=13626. Accessed 9 Oct. 2016.