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edit| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uvular *q | *q | *k | k | ||
| uvular *q | *qq(<*q(V)qV) | *kh | h |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| velar *k | *k | *c | c | ||
| velar *k | *kk (<*k(V)kV) | *ch | hy, h(i) |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| laminal *s | *s, *ns | *t̪, *nd̪ | t, nd, (-l-) | ||
| laminal *s | *ss (<*s(V)sV) | *t̪h | th |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alveolar *d (or *r) | *ṭ, *nḍ | *ṭ, *nḍ , (-l-) | t, nd, (-l-) | ||
| alveolar *d (or *r) | *ṭṭ(<*ṭ(V)ṭV) | *ṭh | th |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dental *t | *t̪, *nd̪ | *t, nd (alveolars) | c, ɲj | ||
| dental *t | *t̪t̪(<*t̪(V)t̪V) | *th (alveolar) | s |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto-North | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilapial *p | *p | *p | p | ||
| bilapial *p | *pw | *pw | pw | ||
| bilapial *p | *pp | *ph | ph | ||
| bilapial *p | *ppw | *phw | hw |
| Proto-Oceanic | Proto-New Caledonia | Proto North | Jawe | Gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | Example | *kut̪a() | kut | 'rain' | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
subsubsection
edit| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Southern Oceanic languages | Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages | Northern New Caledonia Languages | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Oceanic | Southern Oceanic languages | Proto-New Caledonia or Southern Mainland Languages | Northern New Caledonia Languages | Jawe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | POc *quar 'bamboo' | Example | Example | Example | ŋgo | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Jawe Word or Phrase | Gloss | New Caledonian Similarities | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋgo | bamboo | ŋgaa in Kumak | |
| ca- | food | ka in Kumak | |
| ndo or ndoo-n | leaf | nẽ in Xaracuu | |
| njan | cord | ndan in Nemi | |
| ŋgule- | navel | mbora- in Kumak | bound noun |
| yaak | fire | same in Nemi | |
| yat and yale- | name | same in Nemi | |
| yaec | storm wind | yavec in Nemi, | |
| cñe-n | mother | tne-e in Nemi | |
| ɲ̩jai- and cai- | back | ndai in Nemi | |
| pe | stingray | ||
| pwen | turtle | ||
| mbwa- | head | ||
| mbo | smell | ||
| mwa | house | ||
| kut | rain | ||
| kula | shrimp | ||
| küic | yam | ||
| kon | sand | ||
| kaloo- | husband | ||
| hup | Montrouziera cauliflora plant | same in Kumak and Nemi | only found on New Caledonia |
| cii- | skin | ||
| cin | breadfruit tree | ||
| ciik | louse | ||
| ciiya | octopus | ||
| cane- | clitoris or vulva | ||
| hi- | hand | ||
| hilec | Morinda citrifolia plant | ||
| hyane- | contents | ||
| -nda | upwards | ||
| nduu- | bone | ||
| thi- | breast | ||
| thik | shellfish | ||
| (ku)raa | blood | ||
| ndalep | the Erythrina plant | ||
| the | moss | ||
| tha | bald | ||
| that | Pandanus tree | ||
| thap | coated tongue | ||
| tho and thoo- | an aigrette or a collection of feathers | ||
| cali- | a younger sibling of the same sex | ||
| hie- | older sibling of the same sex, | ||
| calik and ndalik | sea | ||
| ɲjuu- | woman's skirt | ||
| hia | yam field | ||
| hiŋ̩guk | swollen | ||
| paa- | thigh | ||
| pangu- | grandson | ||
| pun or puni- | hair or body hair | ||
| pwe-n | fruit | ||
| pwe | fishing line | ||
| hweet | old banana whose root is eaten | ||
| cani | to eat starchy food | ||
| yalu | to bail out | ||
| yalo | to sharpen | ||
| telii | to tie with a slip knot | ||
| nde | asks who? | ||
| nda | asks what? | ||
| cimwi | to squeeze or to seize or grasp | ||
| hweli | to press out | ||
| phe | to carry | ||
| kalo | to look at | ||
| koot | to stream | ||
| huli | to eat sugar cane | ||
| haloon | to marry | ||
| cai- | to bite | ||
| hina | to know | ||
| cei and hyei | to cut | ||
| hyeli | to scrape | ||
| hyoom | to swim | ||
| -nda | to go up | ||
| thii | to prick | ||
| thin | to set fire to | ||
| tho | to call | ||
| tena | to hear | ||
| sai | to pull up | ||
| phelo | to have something hot to drink | ||
| phai | to cook | ||
| hwa | hole, mouth or opening |