Diet of Japan reference and redlink lists.
House of Representatives edit
Representatives edit
- All HR members since 1996: de:Benutzer:Asakura Akira/Projekt Kokkai/Übersicht Shūgiin (should be complete until November 2021)
Parliamentary groups since 1945 edit
See also: NDL, Reference 2005.4, 主要政党の変遷と国会内勢力の推移, pp.72–75 party flowchart
For now, compiled from [1] & [2]. Probably not usable as a reference in the main article space; but after verifying individual numbers with published scientific and official sources, I'm confident that the numbers are generally correct. (And at least I find them both useful and informative in this compiled form.) There are several Japanese language Diet yearbooks, political directories etc. that could eventually be used as reference – I still hope and look for a more easily accessible (preferably in English & on the internet) reliable source.
Seat numbers for ruling parties are in bold (not including cooperation partners outside the cabinet) in the State of Japan. In the Empire of Japan, the prime minister was appointed and the cabinet was – at least not formally – dependent on having a stable majority in either chamber of the Diet. (EdNote: might eventually change this for the Taishō democracy and immediate postwar years as constitutional practice made an electoral mandate, at least to some degree, more important and there was usually a link between the government and political parties with at least a significant presence in the HR)
| 21st election period (Japanese House of Representatives election, 1942) (cont.) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperial Diet | Opening date | Japanese Socialist Party | Japanese Cooperative Party | Japanese Progressive Party | Japanese Liberal Party | Independents | Vacant | |||
| 89th | November 1945 | 17 | 26 | 274 | 43 | |||||
| ... | ||||||||||
| 23rd election period (Japanese House of Representatives election, 1947) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | JSP | SRP | WFP | JFP | PCP | DP | Dōshi Cl. | Ind. Cl. (1st) 1st Rep. Cl. (2nd–) |
JLP DLP (3rd–) |
NLP | Independents | Vacant |
| 1947 | April 25, 1947 | 6 | 98 | – | – | 4 | 63 | 145 | – | 7* | 140 | – | 2 | 0 |
| 4 | 143 | – | – | 3 | 31 | 124 | – | 0 | 131 | – | 12+18* | 0 | ||
| 1st (S) | May 20, 1947 | 4 | 144 | – | – | 7 | 31 | 132 | – | 19* | 129 | – | – | 0 |
| 2nd | December 10, 1947 | 4 | 140 | – | – | 8 | 32 | 105 | 22 | 15 | 120 | – | 3 | 17 |
| 3rd (E) | October 11, 1948 | 4 | 112 | 20 | 9 | 7 | 30 | 90 | – | 10 | 151 | 11 | 4 | 18 |
| 4th | December 1, 1948 | 4 | 111 | 20 | 12 | 7 | 29 | 90 | – | 8 | 151 | 11 | 3 | 20 |
| Notes (*): 1. The Independent Club before the 1947 election was not the same party as the Independent Club that formed in the first session. (Or was that in another election??? Look it up![citation needed]) 2. The other parties that together won 18 seats in the 1947 election and didn't survive the month to the opening session were namely: ???[citation needed] 3. The other parties that together won four seats in the 1949 election and didn't survive the weeks to the opening session were namely: ???[citation needed] | ||||||||||||||
| 24th election period | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | Left JSP (23rd caucus room) |
JSP | WFP | SRP (–10th) SDP (11th–13th) CP (14th–) |
NFP (5th) FCP (7th–) |
JFP | PCP | PP | PDP | DP opposition (9th caucus room) |
DP coalition (10th caucus room) |
DLP (5th–7th) Liberal Party (8th–) |
NLP | Justice C. (–12th) 3rd C. (13th–) |
Independents | Vacant |
| 1949 | January 23, 1949 | 4 | – | 111 | 12 | 20 | – | 7 | 29 | – | – | 90 | 152 | 11 | – | 3 8 (1st Rep. C.) |
19 | |
| 35 | – | 48 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 14 | – | – | 69 | 264 | 2 | – | 12 4 (others) |
0 | |||
| 5th (S) | February 11, 1949 | 35 | – | 48 | 7 | 5 | 10 | – | 14 | – | – | 70 | 269 | – | – | 8 | 0 | |
| 6th (E) | October 25, 1949 | 36 | – | 48 | 6 | 32* | – | – | 37 | 33 | 266 | – | 4 | 1 | 3 | |||
| 7th | December 4, 1949 | 36 | – | 47 | 6 | 5 | 27* | – | – | 37 | 33 | 266 | – | 4 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 8th (E) | July 12, 1950 | 29 | – | 46 | 6 | 4 | 9 | – | – | – | 67 | – | – | 286 | – | 2 | 3 | 14 |
| 9th (E) | November 21, 1950 | 27 | – | 46 | 4 | 4 | 9 | – | – | – | 67 | – | – | 285 | – | 2 | 5 | 17 |
| 10th | December 10, 1950 | 26 | – | 46 | 4 | 4 | 9 | – | – | – | 67 | – | – | 285 | – | 2 | 6 | 17 |
| 11th (E) | August 16, 1951 | 25 | – | 45 | 4 | 4 | 8 | – | – | – | 66 | – | – | 284 | – | 2 | 6 | 22 |
| 12th (E) | October 10, 1951 | 22 | – | 45 | 4 | 4 | 8 | – | – | – | 66 | – | – | 284 | – | 2 | 6 | 25 |
| 13th | December 10, 1951 | 23 | 15 | 30 | 4 | 4 | 8 | – | – | – | 64 | – | – | 283 | – | 6 | 3 | 26 |
| 14th | August 26, 1952 | 22 | 16 | 30 | 4 | 5 | – | – | – | 67 | – | – | – | 285 | – | 6 | 2 | 29 |
| Notes (*): 1. The joint SRP/NFP/PCP parliamentary group was called New Political Conference (Shin Seiji kyōgikai). | ||||||||||||||||||
| 25th election period | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | Left JSP | Right JSP | CP | WFP | PP | Ind. Cl. | Reconstruction L. | LP | Independents | Vacant |
| 1952 | October 1, 1952 | 22 | 16 | 30 | 5 | 4 | 67 | – | – | 285 | 2 6 (3rd C.) |
29 |
| 0 | 54 | 57 | 2 | 4 | 85 | – | 1 | 240 | 19 4 (others) |
0 | ||
| 15th (S) | October 24, 1952 | – | 56 | 60 | – | 4 | 89 | 12 | – | 242 | 3 | 0 |
| 26th election period | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | Left JSP | Right JSP | Small Party Club | WFP | PP | JDP | (Hatoyama) LP (–18th) JLP (19th) |
(Yoshida) LP | Shintō Dōshikai | Independents | Vacant |
| 1953 | April 19, 1953 | – | 56 | 60 | – | 4 | 88 | – | 37 | 207 | – | 7 7 (others) |
0 |
| 1 | 72 | 66 | – | 5 | 76 | – | 35 | 199 | – | 11 1 (others) |
0 | ||
| 16th (S) | May 18, 1953 | – | 72 | 66 | 14 | – | 77 | – | 35 | 202 | – | – | 0 |
| 17th (E) | October 29, 1953 | – | 71 | 66 | 14 | – | 76 | – | 34 | 201 | – | 2 | 2 |
| 18th (E) | November 30, 1953 | – | 71 | 66 | 14 | – | 76 | – | 13 | 222 | – | 2 | 2 |
| 19th | December 10, 1953 | – | 71 | 66 | 14 | – | 76 | – | 8 | 227 | – | 2 | 2 |
| 20th (E) | November 30, 1954 | – | 72 | 61 | 11 | – | – | 120 | – | 185 | 7 | 3 | 8 |
| 21st | December 10, 1954 | – | 72 | 61 | 11 | – | – | 121 | – | 185 | 6 | 3 | 8 |
| 27th election period | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | Left JSP | JSP | Right JSP | Small Party Club | WFP | JDP | LDP | LP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 1955 | February 27, 1955 | 1 | 74 | – | 61 | – | 5 | 124 | – | 180 | 1 10 (others) |
11 |
| 2 | 89 | – | 67 | – | 4 | 185 | – | 112 | 6 2 (others) |
0 | ||
| 22nd (S) | March 18, 1955 | – | 89 | – | 67 | 11 | – | 185 | – | 114 | 1 | 0 |
| 23rd (E) | November 22, 1955 | – | – | 154 | – | 8 | – | – | 299 | – | 3 | 3 |
| 24th | December 20, 1955 | – | – | 154 | – | 8 | – | – | 299 | – | 3 | 3 |
| 25th (E) | November 12, 1956 | – | – | 153 | – | 8 | – | – | 297 | – | 2 | 7 |
| 26th | December 10, 1956 | – | – | 151 | – | 8 | – | – | 299 | – | 2 | 7 |
| 27th (E) | November 1, 1957 | – | – | 157 | – | 3 | – | – | 294 | – | – | 13 |
| 28th | December 20, 1957 | – | – | 157 | – | 3 | – | – | 293 | – | 1 | 13 |
| 28th election period | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet/ general election |
Date | JCP | JSP | Small Party Club | Democratic Socialist Club (34th) Democratic Socialist Party (35th–) |
LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 1958 | May 22, 1958 | 2 | 158 | – | – | 290 | 2 | 14 |
| 1 | 166 | – | – | 287 | 12 1 (others) |
0 | ||
| 29th (S) | June 10, 1958 | – | 167 | 2 | – | 298 | – | 0 |
| 30th (E) | September 29, 1958 | – | 167 | – | – | 298 | 1 | 1 |
| 31st | December 10, 1958 | – | 166 | – | – | 296 | 2 | 3 |
| 32nd (E) | June 22, 1959 | – | 165 | – | – | 291 | 3 | 8 |
| 33rd (E) | October 26, 1959 | – | 144 | 21 | – | 288 | 3 | 11 |
| 34th | December 29, 1959 | – | 130 | – | 35 | 288 | 3 | 11 |
| 35th (E) | July 18, 1960 | – | 123 | – | 40 | 286 | 3 | 15 |
| 36th (E) | October 17, 1960 | – | 122 | – | 40 | 283 | 3 | 19 |
House of Councillors edit
Councillors edit
- All historical HC members including by-elections & PR replacements: de:Benutzer:Asakura Akira/Projekt Kokkai/Übersicht Sangiin (under construction, Hokkaidō to Kantō complete)
Parliamentary groups edit
Source: House of Councillors library: Parliamentary group strengths (1st to 192nd Diet) (also see Parliamentary groups flowchart (pdf version))
Seat numbers fro ruling parties are in bold (not including cooperation partners outside the cabinet). Note: The Ryokufūkai, though not always formally involved in coalition negotiations or included in the cabinet, was willing to cooperate with both the Socialist/Democratic as well as the Liberal governments, sometimes requiring negotiation on individual pieces of legislation. The Democratic Party split over the formation of the 3rd Yoshida Cabinet (January 1949–): While some Democrats entered the coalition, others were opposed to the Yoshida government. Yet, both parties are in bold in the first election period. Not in bold is the joint NLC/SDF parliamentary group during the 2nd Nakasone Cabinet as only the New Liberal Club was part of the ruling coalition (and was only needed in the HR for a majority).
Diet sessions:
- regular session (nowadays usually opened in January, 150 days)
- (E) extraordinary session (usually called in late summer or autumn)
- (S) special session (after an early HR general election to elect HR president & vice president and the prime minister)
- emergency sessions (緊急集会, kinkyū shūkai) of the HC are called in urgent situations when the HR is dissolved and the Diet cannot be convened (called twice in history: in 1952 to select members of the central election commission and in 1953 to pass a provisional budget and revisions to electoral laws)
| 1st election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1947) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opening date | Japanese Communist Party | Japanese Socialist Party | Independent Gathering | Shinsei Club | Ryokufūkai | Democratic Party | Shinsei Club (1st Diet) Japanese Liberal Party (2nd Diet) Democratic Liberal Party (3rd – 7th Diet) |
Independents | Vacant |
| 1st (S) | May 20, 1947 | 4 | 47 | 20 | – | 92 | 42 | 44 | 1 | 0 |
| 2nd | December 10, 1947 | 4 | 46 | 14 | – | 90 | 44 | 43 | 3 | 6 |
| 3rd (E) | October 11, 1948 | 4 | 41 | 19 | 7 | 77 | 45 | 46 | 5 | 6 |
| 4th | December 1, 1948 | 4 | 40 | 19 | 7 | 77 | 44 | 48 | 5 | 6 |
| 5th (S) | February 11, 1949 | 5 | 40 | 18 | 7 | 77 | 44 | 48 | 5 | 6 |
| 6th (E) | October 25, 1949 | 6 | 42 | 16 | 7 | 75 | 42 | 52 | 3 | 7 |
| 7th | December 4, 1949 | 6 | 41 | 15 | 7 | 74 | 42 | 52 | 3 | 10 |
| 2nd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1950) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | Left JSP (4th caucus room) |
JSP | Right JSP (2nd caucus room) |
Workers and Farmers Party | First Club | Ryokufūkai | Progressive Party | People's Democratic Party | Democratic Club | Liberal Party | Ind. | Vac. |
| 8th (E) | July 12, 1950 | 4 | – | 62 | – | 5 | 14 | 57 | – | 30 | – | 77 | 1 | 0 |
| 9th (E) | November 21, 1950 | 4 | – | 62 | – | 5 | 14 | 56 | – | 29 | – | 76 | 2 | 2 |
| 10th | December 10, 1950 | 4 | – | 62 | – | 5 | 14 | 56 | – | 29 | – | 75 | 3 | 2 |
| 11th (E) | August 16, 1951 | 4 | – | 61 | – | 5 | 14 | 54 | – | 28 | – | 81 | 1 | 2 |
| 12th (E) | October 10, 1951 | 3 | – | 61 | – | 5 | 14 | 54 | – | 28 | – | 80 | 1 | 4 |
| 13th | December 10, 1951 | 3 | 31 | – | 30 | 5 | 14 | 54 | – | 28 | – | 80 | 2 | 3 |
| 14th | August 26, 1952 | 3 | 32 | – | 30 | 4 | 7 | 57 | 16 | – | 16 | 81 | 1 | 3 |
| (emergency session) | August 31, 1952 | 3 | 32 | – | 30 | 4 | 7 | 57 | 16 | – | 16 | 81 | 1 | 3 |
| 15th (S) | October 24, 1952 | 3 | 31 | – | 31 | 4 | 5 | 57 | 16 | – | 16 | 80 | 1 | 6 |
| (emergency session) | March 18, 1953 | 3 | 32 | – | 30 | 4 | 5 | 55 | 16 | – | 9 | 89 | 1 | 6 |
| 3rd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1953) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | Left JSP (4th caucus room) |
JSP | Right JSP (2nd caucus room) |
Independent Club | 17th caucus room | Ryokufūkai | PP | Pure Independent Club | (Hatoyama) LP (3rd caucus room) Japanese Democratic Party |
Liberal Democratic Party | [Yoshida] LP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 16th (S) | May 18, 1953 | 43 | – | 26 | 10 | – | 48 | 16 | 7 | – | – | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 17th (E) | October 29, 1953 | 43 | – | 26 | 11 | – | 48 | 17 | 7 | – | – | 93 | 5 | 0 |
| 18th (E) | November 30, 1953 | 43 | – | 26 | 9 | – | 49 | 17 | 7 | – | – | 95 | 4 | 0 |
| 19th | December 10, 1953 | 43 | – | 26 | 10 | – | 49 | 17 | 7 | – | – | 94 | 3 | 1 |
| 20th (E) | November 30, 1954 | 44 | – | 26 | 11 | – | 49 | – | 3 | 20 | – | 91 | 4 | 2 |
| 21st | December 10, 1954 | 44 | – | 26 | 11 | – | 48 | – | 2 | 20 | – | 92 | 5 | 2 |
| 22nd (S) | March 18, 1955 | 44 | – | 25 | 10 | 4 | 48 | – | – | 23 | – | 90 | 1 | 5 |
| 23rd (E) | November 22, 1955 | – | 68 | – | 9 | 4 | 47 | – | – | – | 118 | – | – | 4 |
| 24th | December 20, 1955 | – | 68 | – | 8 | 4 | 45 | – | – | – | 120 | – | – | 5 |
| 4th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1956) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | Ind. Cl. | 17th caucus | Ryokufūkai | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 25th (E) | November 12, 1956 | 2 | 81 | 8 | 4 | 29 | 124 | – | 2 |
| 26th | December 10, 1956 | 2 | 81 | 8 | 3 | 29 | 126 | – | 1 |
| 27th (E) | November 1, 1957 | 2 | 80 | 8 | 3 | 27 | 129 | – | 1 |
| 28th | December 20, 1957 | 2 | 80 | 8 | 3 | 27 | 128 | – | 2 |
| 29th (S) | June 10, 1958 | 2 | 78 | 9 | 3 | 27 | 127 | – | 4 |
| 30th (E) | September 29, 1958 | 2 | 78 | 9 | 3 | 25 | 131 | – | 2 |
| 31st | December 10, 1958 | 2 | 78 | 11 | 3 | 24 | 129 | – | 3 |
| 5th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1959) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | Socialist Club (33rd Diet) Democratic Socialist Club (34th Diet) Democratic Socialist Party (35th Diet –) |
Ind. Cl. | 17th caucus | Ryokufūkai (32nd to 34th Diet) H.C. Dōshikai (35th Diet –) |
LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 32nd (E) | June 22, 1959 | 3 | 84 | – | 14 | 2 | 11 | 135 | – | 1 |
| 33rd (E) | October 26, 1959 | 3 | 72 | 12 | 14 | 2 | 10 | 137 | – | 0 |
| 34th | December 29, 1959 | 3 | 70 | 14 | 14 | – | 10 | 136 | 1 | 2 |
| 35th (E) | July 18, 1960 | 3 | 67 | 17 | 14 | – | 11 | 135 | – | 3 |
| 36th (E) | October 17, 1960 | 3 | 67 | 17 | 14 | – | 11 | 135 | – | 3 |
| 37th (S) | December 5, 1960 | 3 | 67 | 16 | 14 | – | 11 | 135 | – | 4 |
| 38th | December 26, 1960 | 3 | 67 | 16 | 14 | – | 11 | 135 | – | 4 |
| 39th (E) | September 25, 1961 | 3 | 66 | 16 | 13 | – | 11 | 136 | – | 5 |
| 40th | December 9, 1961 | 3 | 65 | 16 | 12 | – | 11 | 136 | – | 7 |
| 6th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1962) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | DSP | Justice Assembly (41st to 47th) Justice Party (48th) |
Second Chamber Club | Ryokufūkai | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 41st (E) | August 4, 1962 | 4 | 66 | 11 | 15 | 11 | – | 143 | – | 0 |
| 42nd (E) | December 8, 1962 | 4 | 66 | 11 | 15 | 12 | – | 142 | – | 0 |
| 43rd | December 24, 1962 | 4 | 66 | 11 | 15 | 12 | – | 141 | – | 1 |
| 44th (E) | October 15, 1963 | 4 | 66 | 11 | 15 | 11 | – | 141 | – | 2 |
| 45th (S) | December 4, 1963 | 4 | 66 | 10 | 15 | 11 | – | 142 | – | 2 |
| 46th | December 20, 1963 | 4 | 66 | 10 | 15 | 11 | – | 143 | – | 1 |
| 47th (E) | November 9, 1964 | 3 | 65 | 10 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 145 | 2 | 3 |
| 48th | December 21, 1964 | 3 | 66 | 10 | 14 | 3 | 4 | 145 | 2 | 3 |
| 7th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1965) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | DSP | JP | 2nd Ch. Cl. | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 49th (E) | July 22, 1965 | 4 | 73 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 141 | 1 | 0 |
| 50th (E) | October 5, 1965 | 4 | 74 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 138 | 3 | 0 |
| 51st | December 20, 1965 | 4 | 74 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 138 | 2 | 1 |
| 52nd (E) | July 11, 1966 | 4 | 74 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 140 | 1 | 0 |
| 53rd (E) | November 30, 1966 | 4 | 73 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 140 | 1 | 1 |
| 54th | December 27, 1966 | 4 | 73 | 7 | 20 | 4 | 140 | 1 | 1 |
| 55th (S) | February 15, 1967 | 4 | 73 | 6 | 20 | 4 | 141 | 1 | 1 |
| 56th (E) | July 27, 1967 | 4 | 73 | 6 | 20 | 4 | 139 | 2 | 2 |
| 57th (E) | December 4, 1967 | 4 | 74 | 6 | 20 | 3 | 139 | 2 | 2 |
| 58th | December 27, 1967 | 4 | 74 | 6 | 20 | 3 | 139 | 2 | 2 |
| 8th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1968) | |||||||||
| 59th (E) | August 1, 1968 | 7 | 65 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 137 | 3 | 0 |
| 60th (E) | December 10, 1968 | 7 | 64 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 136 | 4 | 1 |
| 61st | December 27, 1968 | 7 | 64 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 136 | 4 | 1 |
| 62nd (E) | November 29, 1969 | 7 | 64 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 138 | 1 | 2 |
| 63rd (S) | January 14, 1970 | 7 | 63 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 138 | 1 | 3 |
| 64th (E) | November 24, 1970 | 7 | 63 | 9 | 24 | 5 | 139 | 1 | 4 |
| 65th | December 26, 1970 | 7 | 63 | 9 | 24 | 5 | 137 | 1 | 6 |
| 9th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1971) | |||||||||
| 66th (E) | July 14, 1971 | 10 | 65 | 13 | 23 | 3 | 137 | 1 | 0 |
| 67th (E) | October 16, 1971 | 10 | 65 | 13 | 23 | 4 | 134 | 3 | 0 |
| 68th | December 29, 1971 | 10 | 65 | 13 | 23 | 4 | 133 | 3 | 1 |
| 69th (E) | July 6, 1972 | 10 | 65 | 13 | 23 | 4 | 134 | 3 | 0 |
| 70th (E) | October 27, 1972 | 10 | 64 | 13 | 23 | 4 | 134 | 3 | 1 |
| 71st (S) | December 22, 1972 | 10 | 62 | 12 | 23 | 4 | 136 | 2 | 3 |
| 72nd | December 1, 1973 | 11 | 60 | 11 | 23 | 4 | 135 | 2 | 6 |
| 10th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1974) | |||||||||
| 73rd (E) | July 24, 1974 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 127 | 5 | 0 |
| 74th (E) | December 9, 1974 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 127 | 4 | 1 |
| 75th | December 27, 1974 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 128 | 4 | 0 |
| 76th (E) | September 11, 1975 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 5 | 129 | 1 | 1 |
| 77th | December 27, 1975 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 5 | 130 | 1 | 0 |
| 78th (E) | September 16, 1976 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 126 | 4 | 2 |
| 79th (E) | December 24, 1976 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 126 | 5 | 1 |
| 80th | December 30, 1976 | 20 | 62 | 10 | 24 | 4 | 127 | 4 | 1 |
| 11th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1977) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | DSP | JP | 2nd Ch. Cl. | Independent Club (82nd–84th) Social Democratic Federation (85th–90th) Sangiin Club (91st) |
H.C. Independent Club | New Liberal Club | LDP/Liberal People's Congress | Ind. | Vac. |
| 81st (E) | July 27, 1977 | 16 | 56 | 11 | 28 | 5 | – | – | 5 | 125 | 3 | 3 |
| 82nd (E) | September 29, 1977 | 16 | 55 | 11 | 28 | 5 | – | – | 5 | 125 | 5 | 2 |
| 83rd (E) | December 7, 1977 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 4 | – | 5 | 125 | 3 | 2 |
| 84th | December 19, 1977 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 4 | – | 5 | 125 | 3 | 2 |
| 85th (E) | September 18, 1978 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 3 | – | 5 | 125 | 4 | 2 |
| 86th (E) | December 6, 1978 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 3 | – | 5 | 125 | 4 | 2 |
| 87th | December 22, 1978 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 3 | – | 5 | 125 | 4 | 2 |
| 88th (E) | August 30, 1979 | 16 | 53 | 11 | 28 | 5 | 3 | – | 4 | 125 | 5 | 2 |
| 89th (S) | October 30, 1979 | 16 | 52 | 10 | 28 | 5 | 3 | – | 4 | 124 | 5 | 5 |
| 90th (E) | November 26, 1979 | 16 | 52 | 10 | 28 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 124 | 3 | 5 |
| 91st | December 21, 1979 | 16 | 52 | 10 | 28 | 5 | 6 | – | 3 | 124 | 3 | 5 |
| 12th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1980) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | DSP/People's Federation | JP/People's Congress | 2nd Ch. Cl. (92nd–97th) Nonpartisan Club (98th) |
Assembly of One | Shinsei Club (=NLC/SDF) |
LDP/LPC | Ind. | Vac. |
| 92nd (S) | July 17, 1980 | 12 | 47 | 12 | 27 | 4 | – | 7 | 136 | 6 | 1 |
| 93rd (E) | September 29, 1980 | 12 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 4 | – | 7 | 136 | 6 | 2 |
| 94th | December 22, 1980 | 12 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 4 | – | 7 | 135 | 6 | 3 |
| 95th (E) | September 24, 1981 | 12 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 135 | 3 | 4 |
| 96th | December 21, 1981 | 12 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 135 | 3 | 4 |
| 97th (E) | November 26, 1982 | 12 | 47 | 11 | 27 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 134 | 3 | 6 |
| 98th | December 28, 1982 | 12 | 46 | 11 | 27 | 7 | – | 5 | 135 | 3 | 6 |
| 13th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1983) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP | DSP/PF | JP/PC | 2CC/Progressive Front | H.C. Assembly (99th–103rd) New Salaryman Party (104th–) |
NLC/SDF (99th) Shinsei Club (100th–) |
LDP/LPC | Ind. | Vac. |
| 99th (E) | July 18, 1983 | 14 | 43 | 13 | 27 | – | 10 | 4 | 136 | 2 | 3 |
| 100th (E) | September 8, 1983 | 14 | 43 | 13 | 27 | – | 10 | 4 | 136 | 2 | 3 |
| 101st (S) | December 26, 1983 | 14 | 43 | 13 | 27 | – | 8 | 4 | 136 | 4 | 3 |
| 102nd | December 1, 1984 | 14 | 43 | 13 | 27 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 138 | 4 | 3 |
| 103rd (E) | October 14, 1985 | 14 | 42 | 13 | 27 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 138 | 4 | 5 |
| 104th | December 24, 1985 | 14 | 42 | 14 | 27 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 139 | 4 | 4 |
| 105th | June 2, 1986 | 14 | 42 | 14 | 27 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 138 | 4 | 5 |
| 14th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1986) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP JSP/Coop. to protect the constitution (108th–) |
DSP/PF | JP/PC | 2CC/Progressive Front | Salaryman Salaryman/H.C. Ass. (109th–) |
Shinsei Cl. Shinsei Cl./Tax Party (113th–) |
LDP/LPC LDP (107th–) |
Ind. | Vac. |
| 106th (S) | July 22, 1986 | 16 | 40 | 12 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 143 | 5 | 1 |
| 107th (E) | September 11, 1986 | 16 | 40 | 12 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 144 | 5 | 0 |
| 108th | December 29, 1986 | 16 | 41 | 12 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 144 | 4 | 0 |
| 109th (E) | July 6, 1987 | 16 | 42 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 142 | 4 | 2 |
| 110th (E) | November 6, 1987 | 16 | 42 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 144 | 4 | 0 |
| 111th (E) | November 27, 1987 | 16 | 42 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 143 | 4 | 1 |
| 112th | December 28, 1987 | 16 | 42 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 143 | 4 | 1 |
| 113th (E) | July 19, 1988 | 17 | 42 | 12 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 144 | 4 | 0 |
| 114th | December 30, 1988 | 17 | 42 | 12 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 143 | 4 | 1 |
| 15th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1989) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP/C.p.c. | DSP/Sports/PF | JP/PC | Rengō Sangiin | H.C. Club | Tax Party Peace Ass. | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 115th (E) | August 7, 1989 | 14 | 72 | 10 | 21 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 109 | 5 | 0 |
| 116th (E) | September 28, 1989 | 14 | 72 | 10 | 21 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 108 | 5 | 1 |
| 117th | December 25, 1989 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 21 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 109 | 4 | 0 |
| 118th (S) | February 27, 1990 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 21 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 109 | 5 | 1 |
| 119th (E) | October 12, 1990 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 4 | – | 113 | 5 | 1 |
| 120th | December 10, 1990 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 4 | – | 113 | 5 | 1 |
| 121st (E) | August 5, 1991 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 4 | – | 115 | 4 | 0 |
| 122nd (E) | November 5, 1991 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 4 | – | 115 | 4 | 0 |
| 123rd | January 24, 1992 | 14 | 73 | 10 | 20 | 11 | 4 | – | 114 | 4 | 2 |
| 16th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1992) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | JSP/C.p.c. | DSP/Sports/PF | JP/PC | Liberals for prot. the const. | Rengō | 2CC | Democratic Reform League | JNP | JRP | New Ryokufūkai | Heiseikai (≈NFP/Justice/Ryokufū) |
LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 124th (E) | August 7, 1992 | 11 | 73 | 12 | 24 | – | 11 | 5 | – | 4 | – | – | – | 106 | 6 | 0 |
| 125th (E) | October 30, 1992 | 11 | 73 | 11 | 24 | – | 11 | 5 | – | 4 | – | – | – | 106 | 7 | 0 |
| 126th | January 22, 1993 | 11 | 73 | 11 | 24 | – | – | 5 | 11 | 4 | – | – | – | 106 | 7 | 0 |
| 127th (S) | August 5, 1993 | 11 | 73 | 11 | 24 | – | – | 5 | 11 | 4 | 8 | – | – | 99 | 6 | 0 |
| 128th (E) | September 17, 1993 | 11 | 73 | 11 | 24 | – | – | 5 | 15 | 8 | – | – | 99 | 6 | 0 | |
| 129th | January 31, 1994 | 11 | 73 | 11 | 24 | – | – | 5 | 26 | – | – | 96 | 6 | 0 | ||
| 130th (E) | July 18, 1994 | 11 | 68 | – | 24 | – | – | 5 | – | 38 | – | 95 | 6 | 0 | ||
| 131st (E) | September 30, 1994 | 11 | 68 | – | 24 | – | – | 5 | – | 39 | – | 95 | 5 | 0 | ||
| 132nd | January 20, 1995 | 11 | 66 | – | – | 5 | – | 5 | – | 15 | 47 | 95 | 8 | 0 | ||
| 17th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1995) | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | NSP / Peace League | JSP / C.p.c. | SDP / L.p.c. | Heishinkai (135th) Liberal League (136th–137th) |
H.C. Forum (–137th) Ind. Cl. (138th–139th) Lib. Ass. (140th–) |
2CC | Democratic Party / Citizen's League (138th) Democratic Party / New Ryokufūkai (139th–141st) ProDemFed (142nd) |
Peace – Citizens | NPH | New Ryokufūkai | Sun Party | Heiseikai (≈NFP) |
LP | Ref. Cl. | Justice | LDP/LPC | Ind. | Vac. |
| 133rd (E) | August 4, 1995 | 14 | – | 39 | – | – | – | 4 | – | 2 | 3 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 111 | 6 | 0 |
| 134th (E) | September 29, 1995 | 14 | – | 39 | – | – | 5 | 4 | – | – | 3 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 111 | 3 | 0 |
| 135th (E) | January 11, 1996 | 14 | – | 39 | – | 2 | 4 | 4 | – | – | 3 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 111 | 2 | 0 |
| 136th | January 22, 1996 | 14 | 3 | – | 36 | 2 | 4 | 4 | – | – | 3 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 111 | 2 | 0 |
| 137th (E) | September 27, 1996 | 14 | 3 | – | 36 | 2 | 3 | 4 | – | – | 4 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 109 | 3 | 1 |
| 138th (S) | November 7, 1996 | 14 | 3 | – | 33 | – | 4 | 4 | 5 | – | 3 | 5 | – | 68 | – | – | – | 110 | 2 | 1 |
| 139th (E) | November 29, 1996 | 14 | 3 | – | 29 | – | 4 | 4 | 14 | – | 3 | – | – | 65 | – | – | – | 111 | 5 | 0 |
| 140th | January 20, 1997 | 14 | 3 | – | 22 | – | 4 | 4 | 22 | – | 3 | – | 3 | 61 | – | – | – | 112 | 4 | 0 |
| 141st (E) | September 29, 1997 | 14 | 3 | – | 21 | – | 4 | 4 | 23 | – | 3 | – | 3 | 59 | – | 3 | – | 112 | 6 | 0 |
| 142nd | January 12, 1998 | 14 | 3 | – | 21 | – | – | 4 | 41 | – | 3 | – | – | – | 12 | 3 | 25 | 119 | 7 | 0 |
| 18th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 1998) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | 2CC/LL | Democratic Party/New Ryokufūkai | NPH H.C. Ass. (144th–147th) |
Reform Cl. H.C. Ass. (144th–147th) H.C. Club (148th) Ind. Ass. (149th–) |
LP | Justice (143rd) Justice Party (144th–146th, 149th–) JP/Reform Cl. (147th–148th) |
LDP/LPC LDP/Conservative Party (148th–) |
Ind. | Vac. |
| 143rd (E) | October 30, 1998 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 54 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 24 | 105 | 10 | 0 |
| 144th (E) | November 27, 1998 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 55 | 11 | 12 | 24 | 104 | 5 | 0 | |
| 145th | January 19, 1999 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 55 | 11 | 12 | 24 | 104 | 5 | 0 | |
| 146th (E) | October 29, 1999 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 56 | 10 | 12 | 24 | 105 | 5 | 0 | |
| 147th | January 20, 2000 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 57 | 8 | 12 | 24 | 107 | 4 | 0 | |
| 148th (S) | July 4, 2000 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 58 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 112 | 5 | 1 | |
| 149th (E) | July 28, 2000 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 58 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 112 | 5 | 1 | |
| 150th (E) | September 21, 2000 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 58 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 112 | 5 | 1 | |
| 151st | January 31, 2001 | 23 | 13 | 4 | 58 | 7 | 5 | 24 | 112 | 5 | 1 | |
| 19th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2001) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | DP/SR | Ind. Ass. | LP | Green Conference | JP | LDP/CP LDP/NCP (156th–157th) LDP (158th–) |
Ind. | Vac. | |
| 152nd (E) | August 7, 2001 | 20 | 8 | 60 | 6 | 8 | – | 24 | 116 | 5 | 0 | |
| 153rd (E) | August 7, 2001 | 20 | 8 | 60 | 6 | 8 | – | 24 | 115 | 5 | 1 | |
| 154th | January 21, 2002 | 20 | 7 | 60 | 15 | – | 24 | 116 | 4 | 1 | ||
| 155th (E) | October 18, 2002 | 20 | 6 | 60 | 15 | – | 24 | 113 | 6 | 3 | ||
| 156th | January 20, 2003 | 20 | 5 | 60 | 14 | – | 24 | 115 | 8 | 1 | ||
| 157th (E) | September 26, 2003 | 20 | 6 | 69 | 6 | – | 2 | 23 | 116 | 4 | 1 | |
| 158th (S) | November 19, 2003 | 20 | 6 | 69 | 6 | – | 2 | 23 | 115 | 4 | 2 | |
| 159th | January 19, 2004 | 20 | 5 | 71 | 4 | – | 2 | 23 | 116 | 4 | 2 | |
| 20th election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2004) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | DP/SR | PNP/NPN | JP | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 160th (E) | July 30, 2004 | 9 | 5 | 83 | – | 24 | 114 | 7 | 0 |
| 161st (E) | October 12, 2004 | 9 | 5 | 84 | – | 24 | 114 | 6 | 0 |
| 162nd | January 21, 2005 | 9 | 6 | 84 | – | 24 | 114 | 5 | 0 |
| 163rd (S) | September 21, 2005 | 9 | 6 | 82 | 3 | 24 | 112 | 5 | 1 |
| 164th | January 20, 2006 | 9 | 6 | 83 | 4 | 24 | 112 | 4 | 0 |
| 165th (E) | September 26, 2006 | 9 | 6 | 83 | 5 | 24 | 111 | 4 | 0 |
| 166th | January 25, 2007 | 9 | 6 | 82 | 4 | 24 | 111 | 4 | 2 |
| 21st election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2007) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | DP/SR DP/SR/NPN (168th) DP/SR/PNP/NPN (169th–) |
PNP | Reform Club | JP | LDP LDP/Independent Assembly (168th–169th) LDP/Reform Club (172nd) |
Ind. | Vac. |
| 167th (E) | August 7, 2007 | 7 | 5 | 112 | 4 | – | 20 | 84 | 10 | |
| 168th (E) | September 10, 2007 | 7 | 5 | 115 | 4 | – | 21 | 84 | 6 | |
| 169th | January 18, 2008 | 7 | 5 | 120 | – | – | 21 | 84 | 5 | |
| 170th (E) | September 24, 2008 | 7 | 5 | 118 | – | 4 | 21 | 83 | 4 | |
| 171st | January 5, 2009 | 7 | 5 | 118 | – | 4 | 21 | 82 | 5 | |
| 172nd (S) | September 16, 2009 | 7 | 5 | 118 | – | – | 21 | 85 | 4 | |
| 173rd (E) | October 2, 2009 | 7 | 5 | 118 | – | – | 21 | 85 | 4 | |
| 174th | January 18, 2010 | 7 | 5 | 120 | – | – | 21 | 82 | 7 | |
| 22nd election period (Japanese House of Councillors election, 2010) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | GW | People's Life First (181st) Japanese Future Party (182nd) Party of [Everyday] Life (183rd) |
DP/SR | NPD – True Dems (181st) NPD (182nd) |
PNP | Everybody's Party | New Reform Party | Japan Reformation/Restoration Ass. | Rise up, Japan/New Reform Party | JP | LDP (–177th) LDP/Ind. Ass. (178th–179th) LDP/Rise up, Japan/Ind. Ass. (180th) LDP/Ind. Ass. (181st–) |
Ind. | Vac. |
| 175th (E) | July 30, 2010 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| 176th (E) | October 1, 2010 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| 177th | January 24, 2011 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| 177th | January 24, 2011 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| 178th (E) | September 13, 2011 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 82 | 6 | 0 |
| 179th (E) | October 20, 2011 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 3 | 11 | – | – | 5 | 19 | 83 | 5 | 0 |
| 180th | January 24, 2012 | 6 | 4 | – | – | 106 | – | 4 | 11 | 2 | – | – | 19 | 86 | 4 | 0 |
| 181st (E) | October 29, 2012 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 90 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 2 | – | – | 19 | 87 | 5 | 0 |
| 182nd (S) | December 26, 2012 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 87 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 3 | – | 19 | 83 | 4 | 6 |
| 183rd | January 28, 2013 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 87 | – | 2 | 12 | 2 | 3 | – | 19 | 83 | 5 | 6 |
| 23rd election period | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | SDP/L.p.c. | PL (184th–188th) PL & Yamamoto Tarō & Friends (189th–) |
DP/SR | Everybody's Party (184th–187th) Assembly to Energize Japan (188th) AEJ/Ind. Ass. (189th–) |
Independent Club (188th–) | NRP/Ind. Ass. | JRA (184th–186th) Ref./Rest. Party (187th–) |
Osaka Ref./Rest. Ass. | Party for Future Generations (187th–189th) Party that Cares for Japan's Heart (190th) |
JP | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 184th (E) | August 2, 2013 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 58 | 18 | – | 3 | 9 | – | – | 20 | 113 | 4 | 1 |
| 185th (E) | October 15, 2013 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 58 | 18 | – | 3 | 9 | – | – | 20 | 114 | 4 | 0 |
| 186th | January 24, 2014 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 58 | 18 | – | 3 | 9 | – | – | 20 | 114 | 4 | 0 |
| 187th (E) | September 29, 2014 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 58 | 12 | – | 3 | 11 | – | 4 | 20 | 114 | 4 | 0 |
| 188th (S) | December 24, 2014 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 58 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 11 | – | 7 | 20 | 114 | 4 | 0 |
| 189th | January 26, 2015 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 58 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 11 | – | 6 | 20 | 114 | 3 | 0 |
| 190th | January 4, 2016 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 59 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 114 | 5 | 0 |
| 24th election period | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Opened | JCP | Wind of Okinawa | Assembly of Hope (Life・SocDem) (191st–192nd) Assembly of Hope (Lib・SocDem) (193rd–) |
Dem. Progr. Party/SR | Ind. Cl. | ORA (191st) JRA (192nd–) |
Party that Cares for Japan's Heart (191st) Japan's Heart (192nd–) |
JP | LDP | Ind. | Vac. |
| 191st (E) | August 1, 2016 | 14 | 2 | 5 | 50 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 25 | 122 | 4 | 0 |
| 192nd (E) | September 26, 2016 | 14 | 2 | 5 | 50 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 25 | 122 | 5 | 0 |
By-elections edit
House of Peers edit
Control of both houses since 1955 edit
A visual draft for a more sophisticated, but not yet comprehensive version of this is now at de:Benutzer:Asakura Akira/Projekt Kokkai#Regierungskoalitionen und parlamentarische Mehrheitsverhältnisse as a collapsible collapsed table showing parliamentary majorities for each individual government.
| Years | Government (Ruling party/coalition) |
Rep. | Coun. | Change triggered by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1955–1983 | 54th to 71st Cabinet all (LDP) |
Government | Government | "Conservative merger" (hoshu gōdō) of LP and DPJ establishes LDP Rep. note: technical minority/de-facto control with independents in late 1970s Coun. note: technical minority/de-facto control with Ryokufūkai/independents in 1950s |
| 1983–1986 | Nakasone II (LDP, NLC) |
Government | Government | 1983 Rep. election, LDP loses numerical majority again and enters coalition with the New Liberal Club |
| 1986–1989 | Nakasone III, Takeshita, Uno (LDP) |
Government | Government | 1986 Rep. & Coun. double elections result in resounding LDP victory, coalition ends |
| 1989–1993 | Uno (resigned), Kaifu I & II, Miyazawa (LDP) |
Government | Opposition | 1989 Coun. election Coun. note: The opposition parties lose their initial unity, leading to de-facto government control in many situations, especially after the LDP defends its majority in the 1990 Rep. election |
| 1993–1994 | Hosokawa (JSP, JRP, Kōmeitō, DSP, JNP, NPH, SDF, DRL) |
Government | Government | Mass defections from the LDP (Ozawa/Hata→JRP, Takemura e.a.→NPH), no-confidence vote against the cabinet, 1993 Rep. election |
| Apr.–Jun. 1994 | Hata (minority government) (JRP, Kōmeitō, DSP, JNP, SDF, LP, RA, DRL) |
Opposition | Opposition | JSP and NPH leave ruling coalition during cabinet formation |
| 1994–1996 | Murayama, Hashimoto I (LDP, JSP→SDP, NPH) |
Government | Government | LDP and JSP agree on "grand" coalition (1994–96: dozens of Diet members defect JSP/SDP during its participation in LDP government) (January 1996: JSP is renamed to SDP, New Socialist Party breaks away on the left) |
| 1996–1998 | Hashimoto II (LDP) |
Government (see note) |
Opposition (see note) |
1996 Rep. election, SDP and NPH end coalition, but remain extra-cabinet cooperation partners Cabinet note: technically minority government at formation, de-facto control of both houses due to extra-cabinet cooperation and independents Rep. note: Several defectors return to the LDP, Ozawa's NFP finally dissolves in December 1997, by Jan. 1998 (142nd Diet) LDP at 259 seats has regained clear majority Coun. note: Several defectors return to the LDP, Ozawa's NFP finally dissolves in December 1997, by Jan. 1998 (142nd Diet) LDP at 118 seats is only few seats short of numerical majority |
| 1998–1999 | Hashimoto II (resigned), Obuchi (LDP) |
Government | Opposition | 1998 Coun. election |
| Jan.–Oct. 1999 | Obuchi (1st reshuffle) (LDP, LP) |
Government | Opposition (see note) |
Ozawa's Liberal Party enters coalition Coun. note: Coalition at 116 seats short of majority by only few seats |
| 1999–2000 | Obuchi (2nd reshuffle) (LDP, Kōmeitō, LP) |
Government | Government | Kōmeitō joins coalition |
| 2000–2003 | Mori I & II, Koizumi I (LDP, Kōmeitō, [N]CP) |
Government | Government | LP splits over Ozawa's decision to leave coalition, defectors form Conservative Party (from 2002: New Conservative Party) |
| 2003–2005 | Koizumi II (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government | Government | A few weeks after 2003 Rep. election, NCP merges into LDP |
| 2005–2007 | Koizumi III, Abe I (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government (two-thirds majority) |
Government | 2005 Rep. election |
| 2007–2009 | Abe I (reshuffled, resigned), Fukuda, Asō (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government (two-thirds majority) |
Opposition | 2007 Coun. election |
| 2009–2010 | Hatoyama (DPJ, SDP, PNP) |
Government (two-thirds majority) |
Government | 2009 Rep. election Rep. note: By late spring 2010, the government majority was below the two-thirds threshold Coun. note: In late spring 2010, the DPJ parliamentary group reached a majority of its own. |
| Jun.–Jul. 2010 | Kan (DPJ, PNP) |
Government | Government | SDP leaves coalition |
| 2010–2012 | Kan, Noda (DPJ, PNP) |
Government | Opposition | 2010 Coun. election |
| 2012–2013 | Abe II (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government (two-thirds majority) |
Opposition | 2012 Rep. election |
| 2013–2021 | Abe II & III & IV, Suga, Kishida I (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government (two-thirds majority) |
Government | 2013 Coun. election Cabinet note: Between the 2016 and 2019 elections, the LDP did control bicameral majorities on its own, but the coalition government continued without change. Rep. note: In 2021, the government already broke the two-thirds threshold before the election temporarily through resignations/membership changes. |
| since 2021 | Kishida II (LDP, Kōmeitō) |
Government | Government | 2021 Rep. election |
Thresholds (incomplete WIP) edit
Parliamentary thresholds edit
Notes (###have yet to go through the list and re-check all entries###):
- Unless specified otherwise, majority refers to the majority of those present and casting valid votes.
- The actual threshold for some initiatives is initiator+specified number of members.
| Measure | Lower house | Upper House |
|---|---|---|
| Form a parliamentary group/caucus (kaiha) | 2 members | 2 members[1] |
| Participate in the party leaders debate in the joint session of the Fundamental National Policy Committees of both houses | 10 members | 10 members |
| Propose censure motion against a member of the cabinet | n/a | 10 members |
| Initiate PMBs (excluding budget-related measures)[2] | 20 members | 10 members |
| Propose to end debate on a motion or question | 20 members[3] | 20 members[4] |
| Propose disciplinary motion against a member[5] | 40 members | 20 members |
| Initiate budget-related PMBs[6], propose budget amendment[7] | 50 members | 20 members |
| Initiate motion related to vote of confidence/no confidence against the cabinet[8] | 50 members | n/a |
| Initiate proposal to amend the constitution[9] | 100 members | 50 members |
| Censure a member of the cabinet | n/a | majority |
| Designate prime minister, pass budget, ratify treaties[10] Vote of no confidence against the cabinet[11] |
majority | (lower house supremacy) |
| Legislation[12] | majorities in both houses of the Diet or | |
| two-thirds majority | (lower house supremacy) | |
| control chairpersons, half of membership of all committees (="Safe majority", antei tasū)[13] | currently 244 members | currently 131 members |
| control majority in all committees ("absolutely safe majority"; zettai antei tasū)[13] | currently 261 members | currently 152 members |
| Diet approval of various administrative appointments by the cabinet[14] (for example: Bank of Japan board members, Food Safety Commission members) |
majorities in both houses of the Diet | |
| Hold secret session[15] Expel a member[16] |
two-thirds majority | two-thirds majority |
| Submit a proposed amendment to the constitution to popular referendum | two-thirds majorities in both houses of the Diet | |
| Thresholds related to political parties | ||
| Political party status under various laws related to elections, campaign finance (allows for example: dual candidacies for the lower house, corporate donations, TV campaign ad allotments) |
5 members of the Diet or | |
| 1 member and at least 2% of the vote nationwide in either segment (direct election/proportional representation) of a recent national election (last lower house or one of the last two upper house elections) | ||
| Annual party funding by the state excluding the half distributed according to election results (so, unless the 2×3 current election results and current composition of the Diet by party are totally unrelated, in total: very roughly twice this amount) not accounting for the share increase due to parties refusing state funding and to members not part of a group with party status Raw unmodified share (1/722=0.14%) based on 2014 total[17] (i.e. 2010 census population of 128 million) and the then current Diet membership of 722 |
22.17 million Yen per member of the Diet | |
- ^ House of Councillors: 参議院のあらまし>国会キーワード>会派
- ^ Diet Law, Article 56
- ^ Rules of the House of Representatives, Articles 140, 141
- ^ Rules of the House of Councillors, Articles 111, 120
- ^ Diet Law, Article 121
- ^ Diet Law, Article 56
- ^ Diet Law, Article 57
- ^ Rules of the House of Representatives, Article 28
- ^ Diet Law, Article 68
- ^ Constitution, Articles 60, 61, 67
- ^ Constitution, Article 69
- ^ Constitution, Article 59
- ^ a b Allocation rules [written down? where exactly?] for Diet law, article 46
- ^ under various laws [if it came to it, a two-thirds majority in the lower house could change the nomination rules in the law and ensure a nominiation against a majority of the upper house; but such a "nuclear option" approach would be certain to estrange consensus-loving voters; on the other hand, using an upper house majority repeatedly (as with the repeated rejection of the cabinet nominees for BoJ governor in 2008) to cause gridlock may do the same]
- ^ Constitution, article 57
- ^ Constitution, article 58
- ^ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication: 平成２６年分政党交付金の交付決定 – After accounting for non-party members and the JCP refusal of state funding, the actual amount allocated to the parties per member in 2014 was 23.27 million Yen (0.15% of the total) per member plus the amount distributed according to election results.
edit
(Not effective thresholds arising from electoral systems. For those, see Threshold of inclusion, Threshold of exclusion and/or individual articles on relevant electoral systems (FPTP, SNTV, d'Hondt-PR).)
Legal thresholds (法定得票, hōtei tokuhyō) edit
If a candidate wins in terms of the electoral system, but fails the threshold, a repeat election must be held for the seat/office.
| Election/tier | Eligibility threshold |
|---|---|
| H.R./FPTP | 16.7% (more precisely 1÷6) |
| H.R./PR | 0 |
| [H.R., SNTV-era 1947–1993] | 25% ÷ district magnitude |
| H.C./SNTV | 16.7% ÷ district magnitude |
| H.C./PR | 0 |
| pref. governor | 25% |
| pref. assembly | 25% ÷ district magnitude |
| munic. mayor | 25% |
| munic. assembly | 25% ÷ district magnitude |
Deposits (供託金, kyōtakukin) edit
| Election/tier | Deposit | Return threshold | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| H.R./FPTP | ¥ 3,000,000 | 10% | also the threshold for dual candidates to qualify for the PR election |
| H.R./PR | list deposit = # of dual candidates × ¥ 3,000,000 + # of PR-only candidates × ¥ 6,000,000 | n/a | the returned sum for a list deposit is # of FPTP-elected dual candidates × ¥ 3,000,000 + number of PR-elected candidates × 2 × ¥ 6,000,000, up to the full deposit |
| H.C./SNTV | ¥ 3,000,000 | 12.5% ÷ district magnitude | |
| H.C./PR | list deposit = # of candidates × ¥ 6,000,000 | n/a | the returned sum for a list deposit is number of elected candidates × 2 × ¥ 6,000,000, up to the full deposit |
| pref. governor | ¥ 3,000,000 | 10% | |
| munic. mayor | ¥ 2,400,000 in designated major cities ¥ 1,000,000 in other cities and special wards ¥ 500,000 in towns and villages |
10 % | |
| pref. assembly | ¥ 600,000 | 10% ÷ district magnitude | |
| munic. assembly | ¥ 500,000 in designated major cities ¥ 300,000 in other cities and special wards ¥ 150,000 in towns and villages |
10 % ÷ district magnitude |
Appendix D: Parliamentary/elections dictionary (incomplete WIP) edit
| Japanese | Contemporaneous script for historical terms |
English |
|---|---|---|
| 帝国議会 (teikoku gikai) | 帝國議會 | Imperial Diet: Japan's parliament (=legislature together with the Emperor) between 1890 and 1947, consisting of two houses equal in legislative power, one mainly appointed/heredetary, one elected |
| 国会 (Kokkai) | 國會 | 1. National Diet (or more literally "National Assembly", compare how you translate 國會 from Korean and from Vietnamese): an elected parliament as demanded by the Freedom and People's Rights Movement from the government in the 19th century 2. National Diet/Assembly: an informal term used for the Imperial Diet |
| – | 3. National Diet: Japan's parliament (="highest organ of state power", sole legislator) since 1947, consisting of two directly elected houses, unequal in legislative power (but less unequal than, for example, in the UK; cf. #Parliamentary thresholds) | |
| 貴族院 (Kizokuin) | House of Peers (or more literally "house of the esteemed [=noble] families"): upper house of the Imperial Diet | |
| 衆議院 (Shūgiin) | House of Representatives (or more literally ~"House of deliberations of the masses"/"House of commoners' debate", hard to translate smoothly, see wiktionary:衆 and en:wiktionary:議): the lower house of the Imperial Diet and of the National Diet | |
| 参議 (Sangi) | 參議 | Councillor/s: Imperial advisors in pre-constitutional Meiji Japan (see Dajōkan) and a position in the Chinese-modeled Imperial government of antiquity (see Ritsuryō and Daijōkan) |
| 参議院 (Sangiin) | – | House of Councillors: the upper house of the National Diet |
| 上院/下院 (jōin/kain) | Upper/Lower house [of any bicameral parliament, rarely/only in technical definitions, international comparisons etc. of the Diet; e.g. US Senators are often simply referred to as [アメリカ合衆国]上院議員 ([America gasshūkoku] jōin giin, Members of the upper house [of the United States of America])] | |
| 議員 (giin) 帝国議会議員 (teikoku-gikai giin) 国会議員 (Kokkai giin) 貴族院議員 (Kizokuin giin) 衆議院議員 (Shūgiin giin) 参議院議員 (Sangiin giin) 都議会議員 (togikai giin) 道議会議員 (dōgikai giin) 府議会議員 (fugikai giin) 県議会議員 (kengikai giin) 市議会議員 (shigikai giin) 区議会議員 (kugikai giin) 町議会議員 (chōgikai giin) 村議会議員 (songikai giin) 府県会議員 (fu-/ken-kai giin) 市町村会議員 (shi-/chō-/son-kai giin) 郡会議員 (gunkai giin) 区会議員 (kukai giin) |
MP(s) Member/s of the Imperial Diet Member/s of the National Diet Member/s of the House of Peers Member/s of the House of Representatives Member/s of the House of Councillors Member of the [Tōkyō] prefectural/"Metropolitan"/to assembly Member of the [Hokkai] prefectural/dō assembly Member of the [Kyōto or Ōsaka] prefectural/fu assembly Member of the prefectural/ken assembly Member of the city/shi assembly Member of the [special] ward/"City"/ku assembly Member of the town/machi/chō assembly Member of the village/mura/son assembly (1878–1947) Member of the prefectural assembly (1880– in towns, villages, neighbourhoods pre-municipal machi/chō/mura/son; as applying to muncipalities: 1889–1947) Member of the municipal assembly (1890–1920s) Member of the district/gun assembly (1880–1889, in some cities continued as ward assemblies) Member of the ku/urban district [city or ward, e.g. Hiroshima-ku=precursor to Hiroshima -shi/City; but Osaka City=created 1889 from 4 -ku] assembly | |
| 衆議院議員総選挙 (Shūgiin giin sō-senkyo) | 衆議院議員總選擧 | General election of members of the House of Representatives: lower house elections since 1890 |
| [貴族院]伯子男爵議員互選選挙 ([Kizokuin] haku-shi-danshaku giin gosen senkyo) | Mutual elections of members [of the House of Peers] among Counts, Viscounts and Barons: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947 | |
| [貴族院]多額納税者議員互選選挙 ([Kizokuin] tagaku nōzeisha giin gosen senkyo) | Mutual election of members [of the House of Peers] among high taxpayers: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947 | |
| ... | ... Imperial Academy ... elections: one of several partial upper house elections 1890–1947 | |
| 参議院議員通常選挙 (Sangiin giin tsūjō-senkyo) | – | Regular election of members of the House of Councillors: upper house elections since 1947 |
| [貴族院/衆議院/参議院]議員補欠選挙|[Kizokuin/Shūgiin/Sangiin] giin hoketsu-senkyo | By-election of (a) member/s [of the House of Peers/Representatives/Councillors]: Election to fill a vacancy | |
| [貴族院/衆議院/参議院]議員再選挙|[Kizokuin/Shūgiin/Sangiin] giin sai-senkyo | Repeat election of (a) member/s [of the House of Peers/Representatives/Councillors]: Election to fill an empty seat after the original election to that seat has become invalid (e.g. by missing the legal quorum or because of a retroactive conviction making the election winner retroactively ineligble) | |
| 衆議院解散 (Shūgiin kaisan) | Dissolution of the House of Representatives: by the Emperor after cabinet decision (until 1947 and since 1952: at will; 1947–1952: only under article 69 of the constitution, i.e. after a vote of no confidence) | |
| 内閣総理大臣指名[選挙] (naikaku sōri-daijin shimei [senkyo]) | Designation [election] of the prime (or more literally: "generally responsible") minister of the cabinet: Election of the PM by the National Diet in [if necessary: two-round] votes in both houses, in dissent decided by the House of Representatives | |
| 親任式 (shinninshiki) | 1. Imperial Investiture Ceremony: Until 1947 the appointment of a member of the cabinet (including PM)/member of the privy council/general/admiral/colonial governor/1943–47 Tokyo governor/various other posts by the Emperor, usually after the appointee has been selected by the genrō/oligarchs/Army/Navy/SCAP/whoever held real power at the time; formally all ultimate legislative, executive, judiciary power with the Emperor, but rarely used | |
| – | 2. Imperial Investiture Ceremony: Since 1947 the inauguration ceremony of a PM as designated by parliament or a Supreme Court President as designated by the cabinet; zero room for deviation, zero reserve power, no crown-in-parliament or other such majestic complications | |
| 衆議院の優越 (Shūgiin no yūetsu) | – | Supremacy of the House of Representatives: in the National Diet over the House of Councillors in the election of a prime minister, the passage of a budget, the ratification of international treaties, and with two-thirds majority in an extended legislative procedure in legislation; since 1947 no single party has ever won a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, but several coalition governments have held one (see also: #Parliamentary thresholds & #Control of both houses since 1955); however, the legislative two-thirds HR override power was never used between 1951 (motor boat racing; overriding a rejection by the HC)/1957 (overriding HC amendments) and 2008 (OEF/NATO naval support mission), after that it has become more common (see Twisted Diet below) |
| ねじれ国会 (nejire Kokkai) | – | Twisted Diet: Divided parliament/Opposition control of the House of Councillors, meaning the government has no legislative majority unless it controls a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, and even then legislative proceedings may be dragged out very inconveniently (as with the interruption of Japan's support for Enduring Freedom with fuel/supply ships in the Indian Ocean for several months in 2007/08, or the unintended/lucky drop in petrol taxes for one month in 2008), and the Diet can block appointments by the cabinet that require parliamentary approval (as nominees for BoJ governor have been in 2008); so far, it hasn't amounted yet to the degree of gridlock and partisanship certain other countries with bicameral legislatures have experienced; but the degree to which it has and the degree to which it has increased since the 1990s (when the LDP negotiated with centrist/centre-left/right-of-JSP parts of the opposition during the twisted Diets of 1989–1993 to get important things done) is obviously in substantial part a matter of politics and POV. |
| (TBC) | ||