65Eq

Possible topics

• Oxygen Isotope events - Extending their characteristics in the Marine Isotope Events topic
• ENSO variability in Paleorecords - Compilation of different modes of variability in the past, attached to ENSO topic
• Oldest/Older dryas - Expanding the description of Climates
• South American Monsoon System - Presentation of the topic and its variability in Long-terms

Adding to an Article

Improving an existing article Identify what's missing from the current form of the article. Think back to the skills you learned while critiquing an article. Make notes for improvement in your sandbox.

This is the article which I am going to add to:

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodical variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Niño is accompanied with high, and La Niña with low air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific.[1][2] The two periods last several months each (typically occur every few years) and their effects vary in intensity.[3]

The two phases relate to the Walker circulation, discovered by Gilbert Walker during the early twentieth century. The Walker circulation is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia. When the Walker circulation weakens or reverses, an El Niño results, causing the ocean surface to be warmer than average, as upwelling of cold water occurs less or not at all. An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.

Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study. The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. Developing countries dependent upon agriculture and fishing, particularly those bordering the Pacific Ocean, are the most affected. copied from El Nino - Southern Oscillation

-- I am intending to: Add a paragraph on the ENSO variability in the paleorecords shows ... -- Add a section on this topic. Use a table to summarize several papers. Links to Pliocene Climate and others

Series/Epoch Location/Type of proxy Description and References Mid Holocene Vanuatu Coral bleaching as indication of increased temperature (Cornege, 2000; Vara, 2013) LGM Australia. Peat core Dry/wet periods (Turney, 2004) Pliocene PWP Philippines. Coral core Coral Oxygen isotopes used to determine temperature and salinity. (Watanabe, 2011) Pliocene Spain. Basin core Lacustrine laminated sediments (Munoz, 2002) Pleistocene Indian and Pacific deep sea cores Variations in primary productivity along the equator. (Beaufort, 2001) Miocene Italy. Evaporite Varve thickness 2-7 year variability (Galeotti, 2010)