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United Nations Memorial Cemetery

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The United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea (UNMCK; Korean: 재한유엔기념공원; RR: Jaehahn yuen ginyeomgongwon),[10] located at Tanggok in the Nam District,[11] City of Busan,[nb 2] Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command (UNC) casualties of the Korean War.[nb 3] It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world. Laid out over 14 hectares (35 acres), the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers.[12]

United Nations Memorial Cemetery
재한유엔기념공원
Commission for the UNMCK (CUNMCK)
UNMCK Wall of Remembrance
Used for those deceased 1950–53
plus UNC deceased post-war
Established18 January 1951
(as the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC))
Location35°7′41″N 129°5′49″E / 35.12806°N 129.09694°E / 35.12806; 129.09694
93 UN Pyeonghwa-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 608-812, Republic of Korea
(Old address: 779 Daeyon 4-dong, Nam-gu, Busan)
Total burials2,300
Burials by nation
Statistics source:
* UN Memorial Cemetery (Official)
* Korean War Memorials: UN Memorial Cemetery in Korea
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJaehan yuen ginyumgongwon
McCune–ReischauerChaehan yuen kinyŏmgongwŏn

History

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Temporary battlefield cemeteries and remains recovery

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The Korean War began when North Korean People's Army forces attacked south in June 1950. As the fighting progressed, temporary military cemeteries for battle casualties were established by United Nations forces near the towns of Taejon (9 July 1950), Kwan-ui (Kwan-ni),[13] Kumchon,[13] and Sindong.[14] When the North Korean forces pushed towards Busan, these cemeteries had to be abandoned.[14]

Later, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter developed, temporary cemeteries were established at Masan, Miryang, and Taegu, with a Busan cemetery being established on 11 July 1950.[15] As the fighting pushed into North Korea, temporary cemeteries were established in or near the towns of Kaesong,[13] Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong (Pukchong County),[13] Yudarn-ni and Koto-ri.[16] Some eleven division-level cemeteries were established in the first two months of fighting[17] and later five UN military cemeteries were established in North Korea.[18]

At the beginning of the war, the nearest U.S. Army mortuary affairs unit was the 108th Graves Registration Platoon in Yokohama, Japan, which was searching for the remains of missing World War II American airmen.[15][19] The only other American active duty graves registration unit was at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina.[20] The 108th was reconfigured as the 114th Graves Registration Company and deployed to establish temporary cemeteries at Hungnam, Pyongyang, and Suchon as the fighting continued.[15]

Supporting the 2nd Infantry Division was the Graves Registration Section of the second Quartermaster Company, which collected the remains of Allied and American soldiers to be further processed by the 148th Graves Registration Company.[21] When UN forces launched the Inchon Invasion in September 1950, a platoon from the 565th Graves Registration Company accompanied them.[15] Other mortuary affairs units included the 293rd Graves Registration Company, activated in April 1951.[15] It was difficult to recover remains and conduct burials in Korea, due to the rugged geography and harsh climate, and the threat of unexploded ordnance and booby-traps.[6][22]

Construction of the Tanggok cemetery

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A corporal from the 114th Graves Registration Co. fills out a Form 52B, giving information regarding a deceased American soldier at the U.N. Cemetery at Taegu. Nearby are a cross, a triangular unidentified soldier marker, and small bottle containing Form 1042 which is buried with the casualty. US Army Photo, 23 January 1951

Construction of the United Nations Military Cemetery (UNMC) at Tanggok began on 18 January 1951 and was carried out by hand-labor over a 28.2 hectares (70 acres) site.[23] It was dedicated by General Matthew Ridgway on 6 April 1951.[14][23][24] Graves Registration units then concentrated American and allied remains at Tanggok before they were permanently buried or repatriated.[14][19]

Besides burial services, refrigeration units to store remains were added,[23] as were cremation facilities. Casualties from the Colombia Battalion were cremated at Tanggok by the American Graves Registration Service and then repatriated to Colombia in 1954.[25] Today the 2,300 graves in the cemetery are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried service members.[12]

Post-armistice

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Following the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, the United Nations Command sought to recover bodies interred in North Korean territory.[26] Cemeteries for POWs in North Korea were established at 16 POW camps.[27] From September to October 1954, the resulting exchange of casualties, dubbed Operation Glory, between United Nations forces and the North Koreans resulted in 4,219 remains being recovered, of which 1,275 were non-US casualties.[28] Also exchanged were the remains of approximately 14,000 North Korean and Chinese casualties.[29] From 1950 to 1954, approximately 11,000 casualties were interred at UNMC, which was maintained by the United States Army Graves Registration Agency.[5][30][31]

Foundation as a United Nations cemetery and transfer to CUNMCK

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It was officially established as the United Nations Memorial Cemetery on 15 December 1955 with the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 977(X).[32] Following the war, the cemetery was funded from the United Nations budget, but the Sino-Soviet world objected to this funding.[33][34] In 1973, the cemetery was transferred from the UN to the Commission for the United Nations Memorial Cemetery (CUNMCK), which is composed of representatives from the 11 countries who have servicemembers buried there.[12][35]

Cultural heritage and tourism

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The cemetery is designated as Site 359 in the listing of Registered Cultural Heritage Sites in Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea.[36] Also, it is a visitor attraction for Pacific Rim tourists.[37][38] In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described it as the only United Nations cemetery in the world.[39]

Memorials

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April 1951 – a Korean girl places a wreath of flowers while an honour guard present arms at the United Nations cemetery in Busan.

An Honour Guard from the Republic of Korea 53rd Division carries out flag ceremonies daily.[40]

The UN Sculpture Park was established in October 2001 and twenty-nine permanent memorials are in the cemetery.[41] The memorials include:

The Wall of Remembrance, completed in 2006, has the names of the 40,896 United Nations casualties (killed and missing) inscribed on 140 marble panels.[42][61]

Notable graves

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The grounds today

The cemetery contains the graves of 2,289 military personnel and 11 non-combatants.

Burials

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Total burials

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Between 1951 and 1954 there were about 11,000 burials of UN troops from 21 countries. As of 2012, there are 2,300 wards of eleven countries, including 36 of the Republic of Korea troops deployed to the United Nations military bases. Burials of seven countries' graves were retrieved back to their homeland, including Belgium, Colombia, Ethiopia, Greece, Luxembourg, Philippines and Thailand.[68] The burials of British Commonwealth Forces Korea are located in the United Nations Memorial Cemetery. The numbers are 885 British troops, in accordance with the English customs of the dead.[69]

  • Number of burials: as of July 2023[70]
  • Number of participants, killed soldiers and personnel: as of 2014[71][72]
States Participants Killed Burials
  United Kingdom 56,000 1,078 890
  Turkey 21,212 966 462
  Canada 26,791 516 381
  Australia 17,164 340 281
  Netherlands 5,322 120 122
  France 3,421 262 47
  United States 1,789,000 36,516 40
  New Zealand 3,794 23 32
  South Africa 826 36 11
  Norway 623 3 1
  Colombia 5,100 213 –
  Greece 4,992 192 –
  Thailand 6,326 129 –
  Ethiopia 3,518 122 –
  Philippines 7,420 112 –
  Belgium 3,498 99 –
  Luxembourg 100 2 –
  Sweden 1,124 – –
  Denmark 630 – –
  India 627 – –
  Italy 128 – –
  UN Total 1,957,616 40,732 –
  South Korea – – 38
Non-combatants – – 4
Unknown soldiers – – 11
Total – – 2,320

Burials after armistice

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Since the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, there have been some burials.

Korean War veterans

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Since 2015, burials of Korean War veterans were officially allowed.

# Name Nationality Date of burial Notes
1
 Raymond Joseph Benard   France
2015-05-15
2
 Robert Steed Holman McCotter   United Kingdom
2015-11-11
3
 Bernard James Delahunty   United States
2016-02-20
4
 Nicolas Frans Wessels   Netherlands
2016-05-12
5
 Andre Belaval   France
2016-10-27
6
 Johan Theodoor Aldewereld   Netherlands
2017-09-27
7
 William Speakman   United Kingdom
2019-02-19
8
 Wilhelm Cornelis de Buijzer   Netherlands
2019-03-12
9
 Albert Hugh Mcbride   Canada
2019-06-12
10
 Kurt Dressler   United States
2019-11-30
11
 Boyd L. Watts   United States
2020-04-07
12
 Russll Harold Johnstad   United States
2020-11-27
13
 Hwang Doo-suk   South Korea
2020-11-27
 KATUSA attached to
25th Infantry Division
14
 John Robert Cormier   Canada
2022-06-21
 [73]
15
 Mathias Hubertus Hoogenboom   Netherlands
2022-11-11
16
 Eduard Julius Engberink   Netherlands
2022-11-11
17
 James Raymond Grundy   United Kingdom
2022-11-11
18
 Robert Eugene Jean Desire Picquenard   France
2022-11-12
19
 Lee Young-cha   South Korea
2023-02-09
 KATUSA attached to
7th Infantry Division
20
 José Sergio Romero   Colombia
2023-11-11
21
 José Gustavo Pascagaza León   Colombia
2023-11-11
22
 Luis Carlos García Arcila   Colombia
2023-11-11
23
 Jorge Sánchez Tapia   Colombia
2023-11-11
24
 Bryan James Laurenson   United Kingdom
2023-11-11
25
 Brian Wood   United Kingdom
2023-11-11
26
 Léon Jules Ghislain Bosquet   Belgium
2023-11-15
27
 Ferdinand Titalepta   Netherlands
2024-05-02
28
 Rod Asanapan   Thailand
2024-11-11
Veterans who buried in other place
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# Name Nationality Date of burial Notes
1
 Jean Le Houx   France
2017-11-02
 Buried near Arrowhead Hill in the Korean Demilitarized Zone

Unknown soldiers

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# Soldiers Nationality Site of excavation Date of burial Notes
1
3
   United Kingdom 2: Hill 234 in Paju
1: Youngpyeong Mountain in Paju 		2021-11-11 South Korea and US experts estimated that
they are Gloucestershire Regiment members
in the Battle of Imjin River and
Battle of Papyong Mountain.[74][75]

Others

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Members of United States Forces Korea, Co-interment and so on

# Name Nationality Date of burial Notes
1
 Richard S. Whitcomb   United States
1982-07-20
 He was a Korean War Veteran
2
 Archibald Lloyd Hearsey   Canada
2012-04-25
 He was buried in the same grave (Joseph William Hearsey) as his brother[76]
He was also a Korean War Veteran.
3
 Olwyn Green   Australia
2023-09-21
 She was buried in the same grave (Charles Green) as his wife.

Notes

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  1. ^ Post-war deaths only – with the exception of 4 symbolic unknowns, all recovered remains were repatriated.
  2. ^ As a transliteration from Korean, the city name 부산 (Korean pronunciation: [pusʰan]) was typically spelled "Pusan" in McCune-Reischauer until 2000. The official Revised Romanization spells the name Busan. See "Pusan: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  3. ^ The Korean War started on 25 June 1950 when North Korean forces pushed south of the 38th parallel which divided Korea following World War II. With authorization from the United Nations, forces from the United States and other nations pushed the North Koreans back to the north. When these UN forces approached China, Chinese forces intervened and the battlefront eventually stabilized along the 38th parallel. The Korean Armistice was signed on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Korean War casualties only. In 2012, the cremated remains of Archie Hearsay were buried with his brother, Joseph, who had died in Korea while both were serving. See: "Ashes of Canadian veteran buried beside brother in S. Korea". TBNewsWatch (Dougall Media). The Canadian Press. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  2. ^ Brent, Winston A. (2001). 2 Squadron in Korea: Flying Cheetahs 1950–1953. Nelspruit: Freeworld Publications. p. 134. ISBN 978-0958388092. OCLC 174758735.
  3. ^ "Turkish Fallen of Korean War Remembered". Diplomatic Observer. Ankara: Över Publishing. 2002. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  7. ^ a b "Korea 2007". Det Norske Kongehus. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. Among [the soldiers] is Norwegian Second Engineer Reidar George Tveit ... Crown Prince Haakon [also] laid a wreath at the new monument commemorating the Norwegian soldiers ...
  8. ^ Reportedly of North Koreans who refused to be repatriated following the war because they had criticized the regime. See: Baldwin, R F (2013) [2011]. Seven Years in Asia: A Wander's Tale. Booksmango. p. 278. ISBN 978-6162450969. OCLC 781689455.
  9. ^ Some unidentified Americans were left as token representatives to the unknowns. Pash, Melinda L. (2012). In the Shadow of the Greatest Generation: the Americans who fought the Korean War. New York and London: New York University. p. 134. ISBN 978-0814767696. OCLC 777627052.
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Further reading

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