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1974 Pacific typhoon season

(Redirected from Typhoon Ivy (1974))

The 1974 Pacific typhoon season was the first season on record to not feature a Category 5 equivalent super typhoon; a feat later repeated by the 1977 and 2017 seasons. Even so, the season was overly active, with 32 tropical storms and 16 typhoons being developed this year. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1974, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

1974 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJanuary 8, 1974
Last system dissipatedDecember 24, 1974
Strongest storm
NameGloria
 • Maximum winds220 km/h (140 mph)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure930 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions55
Total storms32
Typhoons16
Super typhoons0 (record low)
Total fatalities> 361
Total damage> $1.55 billion (1974 USD)
Related articles
Pacific typhoon seasons
1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1974 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Systems

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Typhoon Bess (1974)Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

35 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 32 became tropical storms. 16 storms reached typhoon intensity, and none reached super typhoon strength.[1] This season is the most recent to have no super typhoons.[2]

Severe Tropical Storm Wanda (Atang)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationJanuary 8 – January 14
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

A tropical disturbance developed on January 8 to the southwest of Palau.[1] By the next day, the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression and to a tropical storm. Wanda reached its peak intensity on January 10 as a 65 mph tropical storm. The storm was then downgraded to a tropical depression on January 11. Wanda then dissipated on January 14.[3]

Tropical Storm Amy

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationMarch 12 – March 20
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Amy formed as a tropical disturbance well south of Guam on March 12, and became a tropical depression on the 14th. It began to turn right late on the 15th, and was heading northeast on the 17th. It became a tropical storm the same day. It transitioned into an extratropical storm on the 19th, and dissipated shortly thereafter.

Severe Tropical Storm Babe

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationApril 25 – May 3
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (1-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Babe formed as a disturbance just west of Chuuk on the 25th of April. It traveled northwestward, becoming a tropical depression on the 26th as it started to turn northward. It passed just west of Guam and Saipan on the 27th and 28th, before strengthening to a tropical storm on the 29th. It continued northward, becoming extratropical on the 1st of May. As an extratropical storm, it traveled northeastward for a few days before dissipating.

Typhoon Carla

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationMay 1 – May 7
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (1-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Carla was first noted as a disturbance near the island of Pohnpei on the 29th of April. The disturbance traveled northwestward over the next four days, developing into a tropical storm on the 2nd. The center of Carla passed over Tinian and Saipan on the 3rd. The storm began to turn towards the north later that day. It strengthened into a typhoon on the 4th. It reached its maximum intensity — 965 mb central pressure and 80 to 85-knot winds — on the 5th. It began to weaken under intensifying shear after that, becoming a tropical storm again very late that day. It continued in a northeast direction before being absorbed by a frontal system on the 6th.[1]

Typhoon Dinah (Bising)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJune 5 – June 14
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (1-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Dinah, which developed on June 7, hit Luzon on the 10th as an 80 mph typhoon. It continued northwestward, hit Hainan Island, crossed the Gulf of Tonkin, and dissipated over North Vietnam. Dinah caused 73 casualties (with 33 missing), with $3 million in crop damage (1974 USD).

Tropical Depression 05W

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Tropical depression (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
  
DurationJune 6 – June 8
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

5W lasted two days and struck southern China.

Severe Tropical Storm Emma (Klaring)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationJune 12 – June 19
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (1-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Emma stayed as a tropical storm.

Tropical Storm Freda

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationJune 17 – June 23
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Freda peaked as a moderate tropical storm.

Typhoon Gilda (Deling)

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Main article: Typhoon Gilda (1974)
Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJune 26 – July 8
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (1-min);
945 hPa (mbar)

When Tropical Storm Gilda, having weakened from a peak of 100 mph winds, crossed between Japan and South Korea in early July, it brought torrential rains and mudslides, killing 128 people (with 26 missing) and causing damage estimated at $1.5 billion (1974 USD).

Tropical Storm Harriet (Gading)

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationJuly 13 – July 20
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
996 hPa (mbar)

Harriet did not affect land.

Typhoon Ivy (Iliang)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJuly 14 – July 21
Peak intensity175 km/h (110 mph) (1-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

66 people were killed when Typhoon Ivy hit Luzon on July 20, the day before the 1974 Miss Universe was held in Manila. It continued northwestward, and hit southeastern China 2 days later.

Severe Tropical Storm Jean (Heling)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationJuly 17 – July 21
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

Jean stayed weak.

Severe Tropical Storm Kim

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationJuly 22 – July 24
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Kim recurved.

Tropical Depression Loleng

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Tropical depression (PAGASA)
  
DurationAugust 4 – August 8
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1004 hPa (mbar)

Only recognized by PAGASA.

Tropical Storm Lucy (Miding)

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationAugust 7 – August 12
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

Lucy hit China。 .

Typhoon Mary

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 11 – August 27
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (1-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression on August 10. It tracked to the northeast, then turned to the northwest where it became a tropical storm on the 11th. A tug pulling RMS Caronia to Taiwan was overcome by the weather as it sought shelter at Guam, and cut loose Caronia, which was driven against the breakwater at the entrance to Apra Harbor on August 12, blocking all ship traffic.[4] Mary's appearance resembled an extratropical cyclone due to vertical shear, and as the ridge built over Japan, Mary turned more to the west. Conditions were favorable enough for Mary to reach typhoon strength on the 18th, but it weakened to a tropical storm before hitting northeastern China on the 19th. A high pressure system over China forced now Tropical Depression Mary to the southeast, where it restrengthened into a tropical storm on the 24th. The storm turned to the northeast, briefly becoming a typhoon again on the 25th before weakening. Mary hit Japan on the 26th, and dissipated shortly thereafter. 3 people died in Mary's path, with moderate damage occurring.

Tropical Depression 16W

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Tropical depression (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
  
DurationAugust 13 – August 16
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

16W was just a tropical depression and also hit Thailand for a very brief moment.

Severe Tropical Storm Nadine (Norming)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 15 – August 18
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

Nadine did not make landfall.

Tropical Depression 20W

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Tropical depression (JMA)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
  
DurationAugust 26 – August 29
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

20W hit China.

Severe Tropical Storm Rose (Oyang)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 24 – September 1
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Rose did not strike land.

Typhoon Polly

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 25 – September 5
Peak intensity175 km/h (110 mph) (1-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Polly hit Japan.

Typhoon Shirley (Pasing)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 2 – September 11
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (1-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

Shirley was a minimal typhoon.

Tropical Storm Trix

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationSeptember 4 – September 8
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Trix hit China.

Typhoon Virginia

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 10 – September 16
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (1-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

Virginia did not hit land.

Severe Tropical Storm Wendy (Ruping)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationSeptember 19 – October 2
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (1-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Wendy came near Taiwan and the Philippines.

Typhoon Agnes

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 21 – October 3
Peak intensity195 km/h (120 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Agnes stayed away from land.

Typhoon Bess (Susang)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 7 – October 14
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min);
975 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Bess (1974)

Typhoon Bess crossed northern Luzon on October 10, crossed the South China Sea, and hit Hainan Island on the 13th. Bess continued westward, and dissipated over North Vietnam on the 14th. The storm dumped heavy rains on its path, causing 26 deaths (with 3 missing) and $9.2 million (1974 USD) in damage. The name Bess was retired after this season.

Typhoon Carmen (Tering)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 12 – October 20
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (1-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Carmen hit Luzon on October 16, just days after Bess hit. It continued northwestward, made landfall on southeastern China, turned south, and dissipated on the 20th. Typhoon Carmen caused sustained storm force winds in Hong Kong and 25 fatalities, with damage estimated at $13 million (1974 USD).

Typhoon Della (Uding)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 18 – October 27
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Della passed near the Philippines.

Typhoon Elaine (Wening)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 22 – October 31
Peak intensity175 km/h (110 mph) (1-min);
940 hPa (mbar)

23 casualties and $21 million in damage can be attributed to 110 mph Typhoon Elaine hitting northern Luzon on October 27.

Severe Tropical Storm Faye (Yaning)

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Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationOctober 30 – November 5
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Faye hit the Philippines and Thailand.

Typhoon Gloria (Aning)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationNovember 2 – November 11
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (1-min);
930 hPa (mbar)

Glorida moved onshore the Philippines and hit as a typhoon.

Tropical Storm Hester

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationNovember 12 – November 15
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Hester formed in the South China Sea.

Typhoon Irma (Bidang)

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4-equivalent typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationNovember 21 – December 3
Peak intensity215 km/h (130 mph) (1-min);
940 hPa (mbar)

The last of the year's 8 typhoons to hit the Philippines made landfall on November 28 as a 100 mph typhoon. Irma, once a 130 mph typhoon, weakened over the islands and restrengthened into a typhoon in the South China Sea. It turned northward, and hit southern China as a weakening tropical storm on December 2, the latest date for a Chinese tropical storm landfall. Irma killed 11 people, and caused $7.3 million in damage (1974 USD).

Tropical Storm Judy (Kading)

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationDecember 14 – December 19
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Judy developed in the South China Sea.

Tropical Storm Kit (Delang)

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
  
DurationDecember 18 – December 24
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
996 hPa (mbar)

Kit developed on December 18 in the open Pacific. Upon hitting the Philippines, the system weakened to a tropical depression. The storm re-intensified to a tropical storm in the South China Sea before dissipating on December 24.

Storm names

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See also: Lists of tropical cyclone names and Tropical cyclone naming

During the season 32 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950.

Wanda Amy Babe Carla Dinah Emma Freda Gilda Harriet Ivy Jean Kim Lucy Marie Nadine Polly
Rose Shirley Trix Virginia Wendy Agnes Bess Carmen Della Elaine Faye Gloria Hester Irma Judy Kit

The name Olive from this list was used for a storm that formed in the Central Pacific.

Philippines

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Akang Bising Klaring Deling Emang
Gading Heling Iliang Loleng Miding
Norming Oyang Pasing Ruping Susang
Tering Uding Wening Yaning
Auxiliary list
Aning
Bidang Kading Delang Esang (unused) Garding (unused)

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1978 season. This is the same list used for the 1970 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.

Due to an extreme impact in the Philippines, PAGASA later retired the name Wening and was replaced by Weling for the 1978 season.

Season effects

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This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1974. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA, the JTWC, and/or PAGASA. Peak wind speeds are in one-minute sustained standards unless otherwise noted. All damage figures will be in 1974 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.


Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Wanda (Atang) January 8 – 14 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (62 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Amy March 12 – 20 Tropical storm 100 km/h (62 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands None None
Babe April 25 – May 3 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (68 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
Carla May 1 – 7 Typhoon 150 km/h (93 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
TD May 18 – 19 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Caroline Islands None None
TD May 21 – 23 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Palau None None
Dinah (Bising) June 5 – 14 Typhoon 130 km/h (81 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Philippines, South China $3 million 73
05W June 6 – 8 Tropical depression 55 km/h (34 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) South China None None
Emma (Klaring) June 12 – 19 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (68 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Ryukyu Islands None None
Freda June 17 – 23 Tropical storm 85 km/h (53 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) None None None
Gilda (Deling) June 26 – July 8 Typhoon 165 km/h (103 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, South Korea, Japan $1.5 billion 128
Emang July 5 – 10 Tropical depression 55 km/h (34 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
Harriet (Gading) July 13 – 20 Tropical storm 85 km/h (53 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) None None None
Ivy (Iliang) July 14 – 21 Typhoon 175 km/h (109 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Philippines, South China Unknown 66
Jean (Heling) July 17 – 21 Severe tropical storm 85 km/h (53 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Taiwan, East China None None
Kim July 22 – 24 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (59 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) None None None
TD July 26 – 27 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
TD August 1 – 3 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) None None None
Loleng August 4 – 8 Tropical depression 55 km/h (34 mph) 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Philippines None None
Lucy (Miding) August 7 – 12 Tropical storm 85 km/h (53 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) None None None
TD August 7 – 10 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
TD August 8 – 9 Tropical depression Not specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Taiwan None None
TD August 9 Tropical depression Not specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
TD August 10 – 12 Tropical depression Not specified 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
TD August 10 – 14 Tropical depression Not specified 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Mariana Islands None None
TD August 10 – 12 Tropical depression Not specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) None None None
Mary August 11 – 27 Typhoon 175 km/h (109 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Mariana Islands, East China, Ryukyu Islands, Japan Unknown 3
16W August 13 – 16 Tropical depression 55 km/h (34 mph) 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) Vietnam, Laos, Thailand None None
Nadine (Norming) August 15 – 18 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (59 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) None None None
TD August 20 – 21 Tropical depression Not specified 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) None None None
Rose (Oyang) August 24 – September 1 Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (59 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands None None
Polly August 25 – September 5 Typhoon 175 km/h (109 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Mariana Islands, Japan Unknown Unknown
20W August 26 – 29 Tropical depression 55 km/h (34 mph) 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) Ryukyu Islands None None
TD August 28 – 29 Tropical depression Not specified 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) None None None
TD August 31 – September 1 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) None None None
Shirley (Pasing) September 2 – 11 Typhoon 140 km/h (87 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Ryukyu Islands, Japan Unknown Unknown
TD September 3 – 5 Tropical depression Not specified 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) Japan None None
Trix September 4 – 8 Tropical storm 75 km/h (47 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) South China None None
TD September 9 – 10 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) None None None
Virginia September 10 – 16 Typhoon 140 km/h (87 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) None None None
TD September 10 – 16 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Philippines None None
TD September 14 Tropical depression Not specified 1008 hPa (29.77 inHg) None None None
TD September 18 – 19 Tropical depression Not specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Philippines None None
Wendy (Ruping) September 19 – October 2 Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (68 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands None None
Agnes September 21 – October 3 Typhoon 195 km/h (121 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) None None None
Bess (Susang) October 7 – 14 Typhoon 120 km/h (75 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam $9.2 million 32
Carmen (Tering) October 12 – 20 Typhoon 140 km/h (87 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) Philippines, South China $13 million 25
Della (Uding) October 18 – 27 Typhoon 165 km/h (103 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) Philippines, South China, Vietnam Unknown Unknown
Elaine (Wening) October 22 – 31 Typhoon 175 km/h (109 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, South China $21 million 23
Faye (Yaning) October 30 – November 5 Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (62 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Philippines, Indochina None None
Gloria (Aning) November 2 – 11 Typhoon 220 km/h (140 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Philippines Unknown Unknown
Hester November 12 – 15 Tropical storm 65 km/h (40 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Vietnam None None
Irma (Bidang) November 21 – December 3 Typhoon 215 km/h (134 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Philippines, South China $7.3 million 11
Judy (Kading) December 14 – 19 Tropical storm 75 km/h (47 mph) 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Philippines, Vietnam None None
Kit (Delang) December 18 – 24 Tropical storm 75 km/h (47 mph) 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) Philippines None None
Season aggregates
55 systems January 8 – December 24, 1974 220 km/h (140 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) >$1.55 billion >361

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Annual Typhoon Report 1974" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  2. ^ "Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 2011" (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  3. ^ "Tropical Storm #1". Unisys Weather. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  4. ^ "RMS Caronia Timeline: Caribia - A Sad Ending - Page 6". www.caronia2.info. August 26, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
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