# Tube lemma

In mathematics, particularly topology, the tube lemma is a useful tool in order to prove that the finite product of compact spaces is compact. It is in general a concept of point-set topology.

## Statement

The lemma uses the following terminology:

• If ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle Y}$  are topological spaces and ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  is the product space, which is endowed with the product topology, then a slice in ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  is a set of the form ${\displaystyle \{x\}\times Y}$  for ${\displaystyle x\in X.}$
• A tube in ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  is just a basis element, ${\displaystyle K\times Y,}$  in ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  containing a slice in ${\displaystyle X\times Y,}$  where ${\displaystyle K}$  is an open subset of ${\displaystyle X.}$

Tube Lemma — Let ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle Y}$  be topological spaces with ${\displaystyle Y}$  compact, and consider the product space ${\displaystyle X\times Y.}$  If ${\displaystyle N}$  is an open set containing a slice in ${\displaystyle X\times Y,}$  then there exists a tube in ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  containing this slice and contained in ${\displaystyle N.}$

Using the concept of closed maps, this can be rephrased concisely as follows: if ${\displaystyle X}$  is any topological space and ${\displaystyle Y}$  a compact space, then the projection map ${\displaystyle X\times Y\to X}$  is closed.

Generalized Tube Lemma — Let ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle Y}$  be topological spaces and consider the product space ${\displaystyle X\times Y.}$  Let ${\displaystyle A}$  be a compact subset of ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle B}$  be a compact subset of ${\displaystyle Y.}$  If ${\displaystyle N}$  is an open set containing ${\displaystyle A\times B,}$  then there exists ${\displaystyle U}$  open in ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle V}$  open in ${\displaystyle Y}$  such that ${\displaystyle A\times B\subseteq U\times V\subseteq N.}$

## Examples and properties

1. Consider ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} }$  in the product topology, that is the Euclidean plane, and the open set ${\displaystyle N=\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} ~:~|xy|<1\}.}$  The open set ${\displaystyle N}$  contains ${\displaystyle \{0\}\times \mathbb {R} ,,}$  but contains no tube, so in this case the tube lemma fails. Indeed, if ${\displaystyle W\times \mathbb {R} }$  is a tube containing ${\displaystyle \{0\}\times \mathbb {R} }$  and contained in ${\displaystyle N,}$  ${\displaystyle W}$  must be a subset of ${\displaystyle \left(-1/x,1/x\right)}$  for all positive integers ${\displaystyle x}$  which means ${\displaystyle W=\{0\}}$  contradicting the fact that ${\displaystyle W}$  is open in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$  (because ${\displaystyle W\times \mathbb {R} }$  is a tube). This shows that the compactness assumption is essential.

2. The tube lemma can be used to prove that if ${\displaystyle X}$  and ${\displaystyle Y}$  are compact topological spaces, then ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$  is compact as follows:

Let ${\displaystyle \{G_{a}\}}$  be an open cover of ${\displaystyle X\times Y}$ ; for each ${\displaystyle x\in X,}$  cover the slice ${\displaystyle \{x\}\times Y}$  by finitely many elements of ${\displaystyle \{G_{a}\}}$  (this is possible since ${\displaystyle \{x\}\times Y}$  is compact being homeomorphic to ${\displaystyle Y}$ ). Call the union of these finitely many elements ${\displaystyle N_{x}.}$  By the tube lemma, there is an open set of the form ${\displaystyle W_{x}\times Y}$  containing ${\displaystyle \{x\}\times Y}$  and contained in ${\displaystyle N_{x}.}$  The collection of all ${\displaystyle W_{x}}$  for ${\displaystyle x\in X}$  is an open cover of ${\displaystyle X}$  and hence has a finite subcover ${\displaystyle W_{x_{1}}\cup \cdots \cup W_{x_{n}}.}$  Then for each ${\displaystyle x_{i},}$  ${\displaystyle W_{x_{i}}\times Y}$  is contained in ${\displaystyle N_{x_{i}}.}$  Using the fact that each ${\displaystyle N_{x_{i}}}$  is the finite union of elements of ${\displaystyle G_{a}}$  and that the finite collection ${\displaystyle \left(W_{x_{1}}\times Y\right)\cup \cdots \cup \left(W_{x_{n}}\times Y\right)}$  covers ${\displaystyle X\times Y,}$  the collection ${\displaystyle N_{x_{1}}\cup \cdots \cup N_{x_{n}}.}$  is a finite subcover of ${\displaystyle X\times Y.}$

3. By example 2 and induction, one can show that the finite product of compact spaces is compact.

4. The tube lemma cannot be used to prove the Tychonoff theorem, which generalizes the above to infinite products.

## Proof

The tube lemma follows from the generalized tube lemma by taking ${\displaystyle A=\{x\}}$  and ${\displaystyle B=Y.}$  It therefore suffices to prove the generalized tube lemma. By the definition of the product topology, for each ${\displaystyle (a,b)\in A\times B}$  there are open sets ${\displaystyle U_{a,b}\subseteq X}$  and ${\displaystyle V_{a,b}\subseteq Y}$  such that ${\displaystyle (a,b)\in U_{a,b}\times V_{a,b}\subseteq N.}$  For any ${\displaystyle a\in A,}$  ${\displaystyle \left\{V_{a,b}~:~b\in B\right\}}$  is an open cover of the compact set ${\displaystyle B}$  so this cover has a finite subcover; namely, there is a finite set ${\displaystyle B_{0}(a)\subseteq B}$  such that ${\displaystyle V_{a}:=\bigcup _{b\in B_{0}(a)}V_{a,b}}$  contains ${\displaystyle B,}$  where observe that ${\displaystyle V_{a}}$  is open in ${\displaystyle Y.}$  For every ${\displaystyle a\in A,}$  let ${\displaystyle U_{a}:=\bigcap _{b\in B_{0}(a)}U_{a,b},}$  which is an open in ${\displaystyle X}$  set since ${\displaystyle B_{0}(a)}$  is finite. Moreover, the construction of ${\displaystyle U_{a}}$  and ${\displaystyle V_{a}}$  implies that ${\displaystyle \{a\}\times B\subseteq U_{a}\times V_{a}\subseteq N.}$  We now essentially repeat the argument to drop the dependence on ${\displaystyle a.}$  Let ${\displaystyle A_{0}\subseteq A}$  be a finite subset such that ${\displaystyle U:=\bigcup _{a\in A_{0}}U_{a}}$  contains ${\displaystyle A}$  and set ${\displaystyle V:=\bigcap _{a\in A_{0}}V_{a}.}$  It then follows by the above reasoning that ${\displaystyle A\times B\subseteq U\times V\subseteq N}$  and ${\displaystyle U\subseteq X}$  and ${\displaystyle V\subseteq Y}$  are open, which completes the proof.